Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Essay -- Economics Economy

The Federal Reserve is considered an independent central bank who is so far held accountable to Congress. Monetary Policy is a tool that the government uses in order to influence the economy. The FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) can affect monetary polity by using three tools. 1.Open Market Operation- the buying and selling of U.S. government securities2.Altering reserve requirements- the hail of money banks must hold when its customers sediment monies.3.Adjusting the discount rate- the interest rate charged to commercial banks.As of today the FOMC is changing interest rates to assist in inflation, intrest rates must reposition in order to make inflation better. A decision the FOMC makes for the good of our economy. Open Market is a way to influence the economy which is defined as the buying and selling of government securities. When the Federal Reserve feels the economy does not have enough money in the population they buy securities from members banks and increase the amo unt of money, if the Federal Reserve feels the economy has too much money in the population and want...

Basketball Essay -- essays research papers

WHY THE NBA DREAM IS RUINING COLLEGE BASKETBALLThe National Basketball connector is a corporate powerhouse with installments in nearly every major city in the United States. With the exception of European soccer, professional basketball generates much money per season than any other sport in the world. NBA superstars carry as much authority in the entertainment business as the close popular actors, comedians, and musicians. Even the guys who are last off the bench are making more money in one season than the average upper-middle-class worker makes in five years. Corporate America sells its images, logos, slogans, ideas, and viable goods by employing NBA stars to speak publicly on-behalf of their materials. More and more NBA players are showing up in commercials, in magazine ads, on billboards, and in movies. They gestate their consume radio talk shows, their induce clothing and shoe lines, their own video games, and even their own restaurants. Essentially, turning pro opens the door to a lifestyle of undeniable prestige, comfort, and public adornment. NBA players can commit the harshest of criminal violations and get off with minimal penalties. NBA players can have just about any woman they want Enough said. Thankfully, it takes an incredible amount of skill and determination to make it as a professional basketball player. In the last twenty-five years only a handful of high-school athletes have skipped college and gone straight to the big show. Some of these materialisation men build enduring careers and some were washed out before they reached the legal drinking age of 21. Some made it to the hall-of-fame and some remain in the hall-of-shame. Nevertheless, in the gone five years there has been an upsurge in the number of high-school athletes who have chosen to forego college and enter the draft. Debate and discussion over this topic as been heated as of late. College coaches argue against professional coaches, writers and reporters argue against s porting agents and advertising executives, and parents squabble with their blue-chip prospects. Supporters of this trend say high-school athletes have the right to select their own path, while their opponents argue that high-school athletes miss-out on a remarkable education opportunity by overlooking the college experience. Clearly, the NBA has no intention of preventing high-school athletes from enterin... ...all. The direct of play at the highest level should not suffer because young guys do not know the ins and outs of the game. They should also put a pay-cap on the potential salaries of such under-aged athletes, and agents should be completely upstage from the decision making process. None of these things will ever happen though because the NBA makes too much money off its young stars. Sports marketing is already a multimillion dollar business, and agents continue to claw into middle school gyms across the country looking for the next Kobi or Kwame. Moreover, with a game that continues to evolve around its immature talent each year, raw flair draws in sponsors, advertisers, and marketers. The public loves to see the young versus the old, and the NBA loves to make money off these kind of situations. So long as colleges are not paying their athletes, which many do in forms of scholarships and performance incentives, college basketball will continue to lose its battle against the NBAs appeal to young athletes. In this society education is no longer the most rewarding stable of success, instead its how many rings you have on your digit and how many video games you have named in your honor.

Phosphates and dissolved oxygen :: essays research papers

Phosphates are present in many natural urines, such as lakes and streams. Phosphates are essential to aquatic determine growth, plainly too much phosphate fag lead to the growth of algae and results in an algae bloom. Too much algae can stupefy a decrease in the amount in dissolved type O in the water. Oxygen in water is affected in many dissimilar ways by phosphatesPhosphorus is ordinarily present in natural waters as phosphate(Mcwelsh and Raintree, 1998). Phosphates are present in fertilizers and laundry detergents and can bring in the water from clownish runoff, industrial waste, and sewage discharge (Outwater,1996) . Phosphates, like nitrates, are plant nutrients (Phosphates, 1997). When too much phosphate enters a water, plant growth flourishes (Phosphates). Phosphates to a fault stimulate the growth of algae which can result in an algae bloom(World Book Encyclopedia,1999). . Algae blooms are easily recognized as layers of green slime, and can eventually cover the wate rs surface. As the plants and algae grow, they choke out other organisms. These large plant populations produce oxygen in the upper layers of the water but when the plants die and fall to the bottom, they are decomposed by bacteria which use a lot of the dissolved oxygen in the lower layers (Phosphates). Bodies of water with high levels of phosphates usually have high biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels due to the bacteria consuming the organic plant waste and subsequent low dissolved oxygen levels(Hooper,1998). The addition of large quantities of phosphates to waterways accelerates algae and plant growth in natural waters (Hooper), enhancing eutrophication and depleting the water body of oxygen. This can lead to fish kills and the degradation of habitat with loss Boyington 5 of species. Large mats of algae can form and in severe cases can completely cover small lakes. Dying plants and algae leave behind create phosphates while decaying, as a result, water can become putrid from decaying organic matter (World Book Encyclopedia). When the concentration of phosphates rises above 100 mg/liter the coagulation processes in drinking water treatment plants may be adversely affected (World Book Encyclopedia). Manmade sources of phosphate include human sewage, agricultural run-off from crops, sewage from animal feedlots, pulp and paper industry, vegetable and fruit processing, chemical and fertilizer manufacturing, and detergents.Dissolved oxygen is one of the best indicators of the health of a water ecosystem. Dissolved oxygen can range from 0-18 parts per million (ppm), but most natural water systems require 5-6 parts per million to support a diverse population (Phosphates).

The Boy Next Door and the Psycho Killer: Producing Society’s Extremes E

The Boy Next Door and the Psycho Killer Producing Societys Extremes deuce boys walk down the corridor of a friendly, residential, public high school. As they approach, the crowd slowly parts as its bystanders just stare at the boys. The boys walk with a certain aire about them, as their trench coats swing from side to side and their gloomy faces meet the eyes of the rest of the students. They are pointed at and called names such(prenominal) as fag or freak-- for they are members of the infamous trench coat mafia. These two boys can also be described as the murderers in the columbine High School shootings. Somewhere across the country in another friendly, residential, public high school, a good looking boy of the same progress walks down a similar hallway, and has a similar effect on the crowd. Instead of cosmos laughed at or called a fag, this captain of the football team, Corey Johnson, gets a few good job at the game yesterday or hellos from people that have only heard of him an d wished to actually know him personally, for he is infamous for being cool. Rather than being called a fag as walks down the hallway no one even suspects or even contemplates the point that he is a homosexual. These individuals are alike in various aspects age, sex, surroundings, and others, but yet have managed to be labeled and categorized so differently and so harshly. So what are the social conditions that have allowed such opposing figures to take shape in our culture? What is it that forces youth to be successful at being normal or unsuccessful and weird? The answer is the confining and forceful methods that our society has used to produce its norms. These two particular cases are just representations of umteen types of kids who are forced into two very dist... ...nes, ads, schoolsthe devastating effect is one that is constantly making deviants the outcast. These outcasts take on labels that usually have a proscribe connotation of a freak. Should these deviant groups stri de to fit this normal expectation and assimilate into a culture that has rejected them or rather try to have strength to add to their uniqueness? Each individual has a role on how he is perceived.This role is not control but rather a path that can be taken to control their position according to the norm. It is debatable if Corey Johnsons face to the nation as an icon was an action to extend to the gay race seem more normal, or to show that there are exceptions to the rule within the gay name. No matter the standpoint or path a group in society chooses take, there will always be one outstanding central ground With your norm, youve always got your deviant.

Farming In Denmark :: essays research papers

Denmark is located in the Central Northern part of Europe. It is part of the Scandinavian countries, thus it has a relatively cold weather in all year long. 75% of Denmarks come is used for farming. Because of its export of agricultural and industrial produce, it enjoys one of the highest standard of living in the world.This case accept is meant to study the farming in Denmark.Types of FarmingDenmark is divided into 3 areas Jutland, Fyn, and Zealand. Farming is found in all of those areas.Denmarks types of farming are Dairy farming, product farming, Animal farming, and manifold farmingIn Jutland, the least intensive farming is found. There they mainly grow rye, oats, and potatoes. Pasture land is excessively found there.In Fyn and Zealand, the most Intensive farming is found. There they grow cereals with root crops, and pigs.Some areas in Jutland and Fyn are also used for mixed farming.Is the Land satisfactory for Farming?Denmarks land wasnt very fertile in the Nineteenth cen tury. It had Sandy soils in the West and Clay land in the East. The government activity invested a lot of money into making those lands fertile. The low lying and relatively flat land in Denmark added to the existing fertile soils, and partially favorable mood (Winter frosts + Warm and sunny summer with rainfall over the average) makes Denmark ideal for cereal farming. Up till the 1870s, Denmark was a major exporter of wheat and barley. But eventually, it had to diversify callable to hard competition. That was when it realized the high demand for dairy products in foreign countries (mainly Britain), thus it started to export dairy products along with cereals. This meant it had to rely on pasture land for rearing animalsToday, Denmarks land is typical for the types of farming found there. The land remains ideal for cereal farming. Pasture land is also found for cattle. Pigs and poultry remain inside a barn all year long. The land is also ideal for growing potatoes and other root c rops. Stalinization isnt a paradox in Denmark due to a high annual rainfall.Where in the World can Similar Farming be Found?Mixed farming Mixed farming can be found in North America (i.e. USA), in Asia (i.e. Russia), and in Europe (i.e. France and Spain). Mixed farming can be also be found in the rest of the continents.Dairy farming Dairy farming is found world wide. It is found in Israel, Italy, USA, France, Britain, and many more.

Atlantis :: essays research papers

AtlantisOver 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean populated by a dire and powerful race. The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found throughout their island. The island was a center for trade and commerce. The rulers of this land held reign over over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa. This was the island of Atlantis.Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon, god of the sea. When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito, he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her.Cleito gave birth to louver sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest, Atlas, first King of Atlantis, being given control over the rudimentary hill and surrounding areas.At the top of the central hill, a temple w as built to honor Poseidon that housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a chariot pulled by winged horses. It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to question laws, pass judgments, and pay tribute to Poseidon.To facilitate travel and trade, a water canal was cut through of the rings of land and water running southeastern for 5.5 miles (9 km) to the sea.The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread across the plain covering a circle of 11 miles (1.7 km). This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived.Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles (530 km) long and 110 miles (190 km) big surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains. The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year. One in the spend fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal.Surrounding the plain to the north were mountains which soared to the skies. V illages, lakes, rivers, and meadows dotted the mountains.Besides the harvests, the island provided all kinds of herbs, fruits, and nuts. An abundance of animals, including elephants, roamed the island.For generations the Atlanteans lived simple, impeccant lives. But slowly they began to change. Greed and power began to corrupt them.

Atlantis :: essays research papers

AtlantisOver 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean populated by a noble and powerful race. The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found passim their island. The island was a center for trade and commerce. The rulers of this land held sway over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa. This was the island of Atlantis.Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon, god of the sea. When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito, he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with go of water and land to protect her.Cleito gave birth to five sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest, Atlas, first King of Atlantis, being given control over the central hill and surrounding areas.At the top of the central hill, a temple was built to honor P oseidon that housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a transport pulled by winged horses. It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to discuss laws, pass judgments, and pay tribute to Poseidon.To facilitate travel and trade, a water canal was cut through with(predicate) of the rings of land and water running south for 5.5 miles (9 km) to the sea.The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread crosswise the plain covering a circle of 11 miles (1.7 km). This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived.Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles (530 km) long and 110 miles (190 km) wide surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains. The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year. One in the winter fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal.Surrounding the plain to the northeastern were mountains which soared to the skies . Villages, lakes, rivers, and meadows dotted the mountains.Besides the harvests, the island provided all kinds of herbs, fruits, and nuts. An abundance of animals, including elephants, roamed the island.For generations the Atlanteans lived simple, virtuous lives. But slowly they began to change. Greed and power began to corrupt them.

Henry Tam and Mgi Team

The third founder Alexandra ( girdle) Compelling) is a 1987 MBA graduate from HOBS. Other MGM members include Dana Seaman (HOBS MBA student), Dave Clark (MIT graduate student), and Alexandra Jan Sarasota (Boston Berkeley College music Business Management and Music Production and Engineering student). The founders are all(a) Russians who are trying to create, produce, and sell a unique computer-based music game where through the game play substance abuser can both learn and enjoy music. Within a short time frame these diverse members assembled to compose a business plan for the connection. Megs Founders suppose.The increase should be marketed as a game and ant to focus on the entertainment market while the HAS student entrusts it should be marketed toward the upbringing industry. Also, the group up struggles to mention their responsibilities, define their mathematical live ons, make decisions to thumpher, and resolve conflicts. Arguments and tension started to build as the squad produced a variety of ideas about how to promote their harvest-feast, but had difficulty agreeing on which ideas to pursue. The team had very little success in workings together. Discussion MGM appears to be an excellent company and their software music product seems to have great potential.In addition, the team is comprised of diverse members who share a strong commitment to the Business, and the founders of the company have a strong passion on their product. To completely understand MGM and provide recommendations as to working effectively, we will start by analyzing the Issues that MGM has bangd. There are numerous issues building within the MGM team from the very start. Provided below is a breakdown of our misgiving of MGM and its home(a) issues. * The MGM founders (Sash Compelling, Igor Toothache, and roman type Yak) are all Russians whose vision is to target their product towards the entertainment industry.The HOBS students debate that the product has a greater ch ance of success towards the education industry. This indicates that there is a strong disagreement in terms of the companys vision for the product between the founders and HOBS students. * The product Just missed a Christmas holiday season. The founders believe the product lacked a focus on sales. This is a clear sign the MGM team needs skills to appropriately promote their product. * There are various differences between the MGM founders. Igor and Roman are from Ukraine.Theyre both creative and established International musicians but lack business skills. Sash is from Russia and is debateed the primary business person because he is a college graduate wit n Dustless acumen Ana Tolerance Skills. Messs student team Includes Henry Tam (HOBS MBA student with experience in investments) Dana Seaman (HOBS MBA student with experience in banking) Alex Jan Sarasota (Boston Barley College Music student) and Dave Clark Coins the team in the third meeting and is an MIT graduate student with exp erience in software development and music). Henry and Dana believe Sash has a tendency to Jump from ideas to ideas, and seems unclear. Also, Sashs resume indicated that he has limited accomplishments since he has Jumped from industry-to-industry. * The MGM founders share a different viewpoint for the HAS students. Igor considers Dana and Henry a hypercritical part of Megs success while Sash is thinking of the students as interns. Henry and Dana see themselves as creating a business plan. Theres a clear conflict with role establishments and expectations. * A new student Alex is added in the second meeting.Alex has experience in music, has worked with Megs founders in the past, and has an understanding for business. According to Alex, MGM has a great product UT the company lacks in organization. * As the group continues to meet, prejudices toward one and another are formed. Dana sees Sash as a salesperson and believes that leadership is needed from within MGM. Roman and Sash believe that Dana has a very broad view of things. Sash lacks in interpersonal communication skills. Alex sees Dana as aggressive and strong-minded. * Dana and Sash had constants disagreements.Anything that Dana would present Sash would reject. * In the third meeting, Dave was introduced. Dave also Joined MGM to represent the company at the MIT Business Con leaven. Dana and Henry were unconcerned by the recruitment of Dave and made them question whether MGM was using the students to get into the business contest. * At the third meeting, Dana and Henry presented their ideas that outlined the work completed to date. Igor and Roman were impressed by the presentation but Sash expressed frustrations and tangle that he is being alienated by the group. Dave believes the group is impacted due to the cultural differences. Alex believes the people are from different experiences and skill levels. * Alex is somewhat a go-between whos got music skills which are similar to Igor and Roman however, he is close to Dana and Henrys age. Alex views the major difference or point of conflict as that between the creativity of Igor and Roman and business sense of Dana and Henry. * As the team progresses, issues regarding how to market the MGM product arise.After compiling a heavy amount of research data, Henry and Dana believe they should market the product to teachers and education market. However, according to Roman, education market is small in comparison to the entertainment market. Additionally, Sash feels that they would set themselves for a failure since they have no use up in the education market or have the experience. But, Henry thinks it would suitable to start off with the education market since Megs product is in development and MGM should consider a shorter and long-term viewpoint. There is no clear leader. Per Henry, the leader was that person who at the time had the most energy to give to an issue. Based on our observations of the case, we believe the team had good debates about the direction of the company but they were disorganized, unstructured and did not lead any final result of plan. At the end of the day, the team was surely behind schedule in development of the business plan. Henry and Dana were the principal(prenominal)ly contributing to outcome tender were no Inhalations AT work contributed nip toner team members. The team did not work well together.They had conflicts, frustrations, and tension among each other. Also, the team members did not share a common goal. Dana and Henry wanted to test their abilities for the HOBS contest, so their goal was to develop business plan in time for the competition. The MGM founders wanted to develop their vision into a viable business. Alex was assisting MGM market the game, and Dave was pulled in at the last minute as way to participate in the MIT business contest. MGM did not divide the task into sub tasks there seemed to be a main group and subgroups with no integration.Additionally no team leader was officially appointed or nobody was empowered to define the role structure, the decision- making process and assessing team performance. We also feel the team did not spend time developing a good working culture from the start. Recommendations After directly observing the companys internal issues and based on our analysis, we provide the following recommendations for Henry and the MGM team * The very first thing Henry needs to do is to volunteer to serve as a team leader for MGM.MGM is n need of a transformational leadership and this is the style, which is the most appropriate for Henry. A person using the transformational leadership style has competencies such as integrity, sets clear goals, clearly communicates a vision, expects the best from the team, encourages and supports the team, provides stimulating work, and helps people see beyond their self-interests and focus more on team interests and needs (Leadership Styles, 2011). Transformational leaders are exceptionally motivati ng and theyre trusted (Leadership Styles, 2011).When your team trusts you, and are enthused by the way you lead, one can achieve great things. Observing Henrys behavior end-to-end the case and MGM circumstances, he appears to be trustworthy, enthused about the MGM product, confident, good listener, highly analytical, and remained calm throughout the meetings. Most importantly, all the members of MGM team seem to like him and have show respect for Henry. We believe he would be a suitable leader hence, he needs to volunteer to serve as the MGM leader.A leader is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve organizational goals. Having a leader at MGM will help in communicating policies and plans to subordinates from where the work actually starts. A leader will motivate the employees, provide guidance, create confidence, and help in building a work environment (Importance of Leadership, 2011). * We strongly advise and recommend that the member s of the MGM team learn about diversity management within workplace since the MGM team was compromised of people from different cultures, backgrounds, and experiences.Having a good understanding of diversity is quite important to Megs success. Most successful teams and managers, deal with multicultural challenges in one of four ways adaptation, structural intervention, managerial intervention, and exit (Brett, Bear, and Kern, 2006). Adaptation involves acknowledging cultural gaps openly and working around them (Brett, Bear, and Kern, 2006). Structural intervention involves changing the shape or makeup of the team (Brett, Bear, and Kern, 2006).Managerial intervention is setting norms early or bringing in a higher-level manager (Brett, Bear, and Kern, 2006). Exit involves removing a team member when other options have failed (Brett, Bear, and Kern, 2006). Also, it would be extremely Dentally Tort Henry to Locus systematically WI TN Dana now to acclimatize to saunas style in order to avoid conflicts. Henry needs to identify norms and values for the team. Their decision making process was extremely slow. Someone would always fight whenever the team was about to come to a decision.This would cause the process to start all over again. Henry would benefit by setting deadlines on tasks, define each members role and contributions, and utilizing a voting system for decision-making. Utilizing the egalitarianism value system would be quite beneficial. Egalitarianism is a moral principle. It is the belief that all people should be equal and that values should be split evenly (Importance of Philosophy, 2011). Time management is highly needed. Henry needs to write the meeting objectives prior(prenominal) to starting every meeting.

Theories of Foreign Direct Investment

Theories of Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is a type of coronation that involves the injection of un akin funds into an enterprise that operates in a different country of origin from the investor. Foreign transfer investment has many forms. Broadly, immaterial get off investment includes mergers and acquisitions, building in the altogether facilities, re place profits earned from overseas operations and intracompany loans. Foreign direct investment incentives whitethorn take the following forms low bodied taxand psycheincome taxrates tax holidays other types of tax concessions preferentialtariffs particular(prenominal) economical zones EPZ Export Processing Zones Bonded Warehouses Maquiladoras investment financial subsidies leisurely loanor loan guarantees free land or land subsidies relocation & expatriation infrastructure subsidies R&D support derogation from regulations once firms have decided to enter a extraneous market, the y have to choose the best mode of entry. Firms can use six different modes to enter international markets 1. Exporting, being a temporary strategy is like a stepping stone in the international expansion process for most firms.In the past, Seagate was a well cut example which concentrated its manufacturing operations in one location enables it to move down the experience curve and achieve location economies. 2. Turnkey projects, are touristed because firms can continue with normal business operations while the contractor handle the time consuming and imagination intensive projects for a foreign client. roof of capital of capital of Singapore shipyard is reputable for handling sophisticated turnkey projects regardless of is complex requirements and other considerations.This industry is well known in the economic get upment for the last 40 years and exit continue to play the critical role in our economy in order to achieve the goal for Singapore to become a leading international maritime link. other example would be Sitra Holdings (International) Limited, the international producer of integrated wood based products and turnkey services, secured several turnkey form and build contracts in November 2009. Amongst these contracts, the single largest contract is worth S$3. 24 jillion at the Marina Bay precinct. 3.Licensing, enables a firm to gain access into new markets otherwise inaccessible, hence to facilitate the growth of licensing activities in Singapore with additional focus on brand licensing, character licensing and know-how licensing, the Franchising and Licensing Association (FLA) aims to encourage the adoption of licensing as a growth strategy by producing a report to raise the awareness of how licensing can translate to income stream for companies. 4. Franchising, in Singapore has grown hugely and is a preferred strategy for SMEs, as it involves minimal investment and staff, thus reducing costs.Local entrepreneurs have successfully do their mar k internation all toldy through franchising like BreadTalk, Charles & Keith, and OSIM. Larger companies can also make use of the networks of their established franchise partners to grow globally. 5. Joint ventures enable firms to share the benefit of the work process from a local subsidiarys knowledge of the host country such as the competitors, culture, political and business systems and access to greater resources including staff specialized in technology, finance, and so on.In November 2009, QATARQatar rock oil International (QPI) and Shell Eastern Petroleum Pte Ltd have sealed agreements in which QPI takes stakes in two Shell Chemicals joint ventures in Singapore. The deal, to be finished in December, Shell will sell its existing shareholdings in two companies to a new joint venture called QPI and Shell Petrochemicals (Singapore) Pte Ltd. 6.Establishing new wholly owned subsidiaries would be best adopted by firms pursuing the global and transnational strategies, for instance, Temasek Holdings ( sequestered) Limited invested approximately S$900 million in Fraser & Neave Limited (F&N) through its wholly-owned subsidiary Seletar Investments Pte Ltd1 in December 2006. The investment would represent approximately 15 % of the total shares outstanding of F on a fully-diluted basis. This investment mark Temaseks most substantial investment in the food and beverage space in recent years.Temasek Holdings Limited (2006) Country Focus political economy and cultural factors of Singapore Political and economic systems of Singapore The Government of Singapore (GOS) is substantially consigned to maintaining an open economy and taking a leadership role strategize Singapores future economic development. The brass does that by adopting a free enterprise, open door policy to lure foreign investors from all types of services sector involving finance, business, tourism, telecommunication and consultancy services.As such, Singapore has exports collision 186% of 2008 GDP . While Singapores stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) change magnitude by 23. 4% from $370. 5 billion in 2006 to $457. 0 billion in 2007. unify States, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Japan were the top sources of FDI in Singapore. Evidently, the graduate(prenominal) FDI index reflects Singapores role as a manufacturing base for foreign multinationals (MNCs) and as a financial, transportation, logistics, and trading hub. Also, with high real growth rate and low inflation played a great role in shaping the Singapore economy.Singapore is one of the most adventuresome and dynamic economies in the world. In this section, we compare Singapores recent trade performance with its performance in past crises, namely the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis where many countries and industries were change by the deep fall of exports during the recession and the 2001-2002 Dot-Com Bust where IT industries around the world were affected by the large scale cancellation of electronic orders due to the over-investments by IT firms. In 2008 till present, Singapore is experiencing a slow down in the economy due to the US subprime crisis.The main issue is that the US Subprime Market is generating an address of recessions in some economies and accelerating global recession in a course. Thus, Singapores total output of the country has decreased and the export of electronics goods has reduced significantly. Background to Singapores FDI strategy Singapores aggressive efforts to attain FDI for more support of its economic strategy have enabled the country to develop into a basis for multinational corporations (MNCs). Singapores investment promotion agency, the economicalDevelopment Board (EDB), focuses on obtaining major investments in extremely valued services and/or manufacturing activities, deepening its industrial and export structure, using selective interventions to capture cross-industry externalities and move away from advertize intensive to capital-skill and tech nology-intensive activities, by acquiring and upgrading the modern technologies in extremely internalized forms. From Ijaz Nabi and Manjula Luthria. (2002). This strategy allowed the country to concentrate in specific phases in the production process, depriving from the flow of intromission and investing lesser in its own innovative effort.Singapores FDI policies were based on liberal entry and ownership conditions, easy access to expatriate skills and generous incentives for the activities that it was seek to promote. The EDB was mainly set up to synchronize policy, offer incentives to lead foreign investors into targeted activities, acquire and construct industrial estates to attract MNCs. The public sector played an master(prenominal) role in launching and promoting activities selected by the government, acting as a catalyst to private investment or entering areas.Often it was the efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility of government response that gave Singapore the edge ov er competing host countries. The importance of inward FDI to Singapore FDI has played a crucial role through the years in accelerating the economic development in Singapore. Being a small country with no natural resources, Singapore had depended on leading international companies not scarce in bringing in capital funds to broaden her economic base, exclusively also in upgrading the technology and skill content of her industries.Since FDI is one way that Singapore can tap foreign technology, therefore a substantial amount of capital is required to help generate GDP. Furthermore, exchange rate will also play a role in determining GDP. A slow appreciation of the currency will increase the confidence of those who are investing in Singapore and help to attract more investment. The Singapore dollar appreciation will also curb imported inflation. The importance of FDI in Singapore is reflected in the countrys ratio of inward FDI stock to GDP at 72%, the ratio is the highest in the world. From Wendy Dobson & Chia Siow Yue (1997). That importance is also reflected in the fact that 90% of value added in Singapores electronics industry (remarkable growth in exports and income) is accounted for by foreign investors, and that FDI accounts for fully two-thirds of equity capital in the countrys manufacturing sector. From Wendy Dobson & Chia Siow Yue (1997). In addition, Singapores productivity increased fastest in those industries in which FDI was concentrated. The rank correlation coefficients between increases in value added per worker and increases in FDI share and FDI level were . 2 and . 45. Moreover, because foreign direct investors profits and outward remittances have tended to move in close tandem with the general performance of Singapores economy and the health of its balance of payments, while the economic endangerment taking function is also borne by those investors, time and again Singapores exceptional reliance on FDI has effectively cushioned its economy from the balance of payments and debt crises that have support many other developing economies. David M, Marchick & Matthew J. Slaughter (2008) Host Country policiesFDI is attracted to Singapore mainly due to Singapores favourable investment climate and strategic geographical location. nearly other reasons include non-fiscal advantages, Singapores small house servant market combined with no tariffs on most imports and low corporate tax rates have made Singapore into a popular low-risk high-return FDI destination. In general, corporate taxes, or taxes imposed on corporate income, is an important determinant of MNCs location decisions, just as individual income tax rates is an important determinant of where a person decides to work and live.Theoretically, other things equal, MNCs would prefer countries with lower corporate tax rates over countries with high rates. Furthermore, a wide range of new incentives have been added over the years to promote FDI inflows. Burdensome regulations a nd performance requirements for FDI can offset a generous encase of tax incentives. However, in Singapores case, the restrictions and regulations governing both the entry and operation of foreign enterprises and personnel are minimal.Overall, foreign investors are subject to the same government regulations as local investors, and both have a lot of freedom in pursuing their profit objectives. In addition to the general absence of performance requirements, Singapore has also signed a large number of avoidance of double taxation agreements, which mutually protect countries for a specific time against war and non-commercial risks of expropriation and nationalization.The quaternary areas of Singapores government regulations in different areas relevant to foreign investors are the foreign exchange regime, equity ownership, performance requirements and forgiving resources. First, the foreign exchange regime is highly liberal and freely allows repatriation of capital and remittance of p rofits, dividends, interests, royalty payments and technical licensing fees, as well as the free importation of goods and services for consumption, investment and production purposes.Second, foreign participation is permitted in most sectors of the economy except for some limitations in the monetary sector, areas of trained and skilled personnel. However, 100% foreign equity ownership is quick permitted. Third, there are no performance requirements for foreign investors such as domestic value-added content and local sourcing of inputs, no restrictions on borrowing from the domestic capital market, and no regulations and restrictions governing the transfer of technology.Fourth, there are only minimal restrictions on the recruitment of foreign personnel employment passes are required but the government issues these quite liberally. However, the government does encourage foreign companies to hire local managerial and technical personnel. Singapores non-fiscal advantages for foreign in vestors include strategic location, physical and financial infrastructure, human resources, political and social stability, good governance and a foreign investment policy that is liberal, comprehensive and well co-ordinated.Singapores location astride major sea and nimbus routes and in the heart of Southeast Asia an economically dynamic region rich in natural resources gives it a significant locational advantage in trade and investment. Singapores highly liberal trade regime has further beef up its natural locational advantage and turned it into Southeast Asias undisputed trade hub, which, in turn, facilitates the export and import activities of foreign firms locating in Singapore.In addition, Singapores time zone advantage, straddling East Asia and Western Europe, enables its financial markets and institutions to perform transactions with Japan, Europe and the US within its working hours. Singapore had reinforced and exploited its strategic geographical location through large investments in physical infrastructure. Comprehensive air and sea transport and telecommunications link the city-state with the rest of the world.The domestic land transportation network is also well-developed and efficiently connects the airport and sea port to the business and financial districts. Singapores airport and sea port are foremost facilities that are systematically ranked as among the best in the world. Its advanced telecommunications infrastructure facilitates business transactions with the outside world. Singapore has achieved world-class status in information and communications technology (ICT), while the government has ensured a reliable supply of power and water.Charles Oman (2000) Industrial estates, business parks and science parks fork up ready access to land and factory/office space and industrial, commercial and research facilities and amenities -reduces the capital investment requirements of foreign investors, enables quick start-ups, and promotes external economies of industrial clustering. Singapore is a major Asia-Pacific financial centre, and its well-developed financial markets, large inflows of capital, and abundance of national savings all contribute to the low cost of capital. Charles Oman (2000) .The governments human resource policy focuses on improving the productivity of the labour force through teaching and training. Singapore has adopted one of the most liberal immigration regimes in the world in order to expand its quantity as well as enhancing its quality. In terms of education, the government emphasizes technical and vocational education at a lower place tertiary level to provide a growing pool of technically competent workers, along with rapid expansion of engineering, business and computer science education at the tertiary level.Women were also encouraged to enter the workforce in a bid to boost the female labour force participation rate. Another major selling point of Singapore for foreign investors is its well- known socio-political stability and good governance. Its political background is well-secured and there is no history of incidents concerning politically do damage to foreign investments in Singapore. Not to mention that Singapore ranks as one of the least corrupt country in the world. Singapore has, and dynamically enforced, soaked and solid anti-corruption laws.Political stability and an honest and effective political leadership and government have always been key elements in Singapores favourable business environment. A pro-business government policy environment and high-quality civil service complements Singapores excellent infrastructure and public capital. A remuneration system of paying relatively high salaries to civil servants attracts a constant stream of talented individuals to work for the government. World-class infrastructure and world-class government combine to offer a highly favourable environment for doing business.Singapore is consistently ranked among the most competitive countries in the world terms of providing a sound business environment. According to the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) 2005 by the implant for Management Development (IMD), which ranks nations business environments by analyzing their ability to provide an environment in which enterprises can compete effectively, in 2005 Singapore ranked 3rd among the experiment of 60 major industrialized and emerging economies.The FDI has increased and better enhanced the quality of Singapores entrepreneurial, managerial, marketing, technological and manpower resources. FDI had significantly contributed to higher exports and economic growth. However, further investigation also suggests that continuing large inflows of FDI may not be fully absorbed by the economy due to the scarcity of land and shortage of labour. This may lead to crowding out of domestic entrepreneurs.In order to overcome this problem, more domestic entrepreneurs are needed to emerge and invest outward so as to reduce the reliance on FDI. The outcomes of Singapores strategies at attracting inward FDI Recent FDI Since 2003, one of the most active sectors in attracting FDI is the chemical sector. Through its subsidiary Faci Asia Pacific Private Ltd. , Faci SpA, has invested approximately US$5 million in a second metal stearate plant on Jurong Island, Singapores chemical complex.And in 2006, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has developed a special relationship with the country, opening a number of ventures, with its investment in an antibiotics plant in the Tuas Biomedical Park. Not to mention, the Integrated Resorts have unnoticeably boost the foreign investments scene in Singapore and the many efforts made by the government to attract and sustain FDI such as, the revamping of Orchard Road for reportedly $40 million and establishing of the Circle line to facilitate travelling which completes just in time for the Youth Olympic games in 2010.Conclusion For Singapore to attract and sustain FDI in all aspe cts, the structure that supports innovative activities must be further reinforced such as increasing research ability in public and private sectors, the handiness of skilled human resources, policies to strengthen R&D infrastructure and so on, so as to foster innovation and local development. Although Singapores education system and its no tariffs on most imports and low corporate rates are its main elements of attraction, there is always room for improvement.Summing up, the work of the strategies adopted by Singapore to attract inward FDI, the challenges that occurred, results and future directions were critically analyzed and supported with references and findings. Although Singapore is a very attractive destination of FDI, it still has a few areas where improvements can be made in order to maximise economic growth, profits and strategic development.So long as Singapore keep up with trends in the shift towards services, develop cross cultural literacy to avoid being ill informed , sustain its competitive advantage, ensure accessibility of government information to foreign investors and continue to invest in the up and coming, biotechnology industries, it will continue to prosper. REFERENCES Ijaz Nabi and Manjula Luthria. (2002) Building competitive firms, incentives and capabilities, Washington, DC, The World Bank.Wendy Dobson & Chia Siow Yue (1997) Multinationals and east Asian integration, Canada & Singapore, International Development Research Centre. David M, Marchick & Matthew J. Slaughter (2008) orbicular FDI Policy, correcting a protectionist drift, USA, Council on foreign relations. Temasek Holdings Limited (2006) announces investments in Fraser & Neave Limited URLhttp//www. temasekholdings. com. sg/media_centre_news_releases_081206. htm Charles Oman (2000) Development centre studies, Policy competition for foreign direct investment, A study of competition among governments to attract FDI, USA, OECD.Abraham A. Azubuike. (2006) Accessibility of Gover nment Information as a Determinant of Inward Foreign Direct Investment in Africa, ECA Library, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia URLhttp//ifla. queenslibrary. org/IV/ifla72/papers/100-Azubuike-en. pdf SPRING, franchising and licensing association (Singapore). URLhttp//www. spring. gov. sg/EnterpriseIndustry/LEAD/Pages/lead-fla. aspx WINDS, Multilateral Agreement on Investment, URLhttp//www. apfn. org/THEWINDS/archive/economy/mai11-97. html

Great Expectations – Charles Dickens

The evolution of a person can be complicated when one has great expectations. In Charles the Tempter finest novel, Great Expectations, a young boy named Phillip Pirrup kn take in as Pip whos great expectations argon a dramatized exploration of human growth and the pressures that change shape the potential of an ordinary individual, especially in the process of growing up. Pip is a simple blacksmiths boy who aspires to cross social boundaries when he realizes his own upbringing is common however, he has no means to change mysteriously, he is given the means, but wealth only brings him arrogance.He learns that happiness in tone can be achieved only by hard work and the great expectations not grounded in reality can only lead to tragedy and heartache. Uncommonness on the inside is more important than uncommoness on the outside. Pip progresses through three stages of life, all of which he goes through different goals. In Pips firstborn stage of life he is an innocent boy with a good heart, whose goals are to be apprenticed as a blacksmith with his friend and guardian, Joe Gargery. Perhaps, he doesnt have very many goals as a seven-year-old because he doesnt know what the world has to impact upon him.This shows that Joe is a role model to Pip and is a factor of his life. In Pips second stage of life, his goals change a bit to which makes him change his attitude toward his loved ones he meets Estella, a comfortable snobby, but beautiful girl, whom rejects Pip, therefore Pip has a goal to become a gentleman to be in the company of Estella. This shows that Estella is an influence to his goals and matchs his attitude in life. This alike reveals that Pip becomes arrogant because of the predominance of Estella because he wants to be at the same level as her to with her.Pips third stage in life has soon to come, his goal is to still be with Estella, but mostly he wants to serve out his benefactor, Abel Magwitch, known as the convict he also learns that his expecta tions are all one big sham. This shows how is attitude has changed from a cold hearted arrogant person to a warm hearted caring person. This also reveals that he has to help his benefactor in order to feel a level of satisfaction. Ultimately, Pip learns that his goal in life is out of reach and is full of haughtiness. Undergoing his three stages of life, he has many different values toward himself and others.In Pips first stage, his values are very primitive, the only values he has is for Joe, his values for Joe are very father-son like, he feels equal to Joe. Perhaps, Pip has very primitive values because he has very little knowledge about how life works. This also reveals that he might have felt this value because of the way Joe treated Pip. In Pips second stage of life, his values for Joe change tremendously because of the notes he receives while getting an education. This shows how money can change a persons values for the people around him.This also reveals that he thinks he i s better than Joe is because he is now wealthier and is high class. In Pips third stage of life his values change dramatically, he realizes how is arrogance and selfishness affect the way he treats other people, like the time he is disgusted to be educated by a convict. This shows how Pip and society put a tag on people and it can never change. This also reveals that Pip learns from his mistakes once it has backfired on himself. Pips values dramatically change, he learns from his mistakes and his expenditure of being a human become clear.

The Nuclear Age Begins

The first off atomic explosion, named Trinity, was detonated July 16, 1945. Main article History of nuclear weapons During the 1930s, innovations in physics made it apparent that it could be possible to pause nuclear weapons of incredible power using nuclear reactions. When World War II broke out, scientists and advisors among the Allies feared that Nazi Germany may have been trying to discipline its own atomic weapons, and the United States and the United Kingdom poolight-emitting diode their efforts in what became known as the Manhattan Project to beat them to it.At the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico, scientist Robert Oppenheimer led a team of the worlds top scientists to develop the first nuclear weapons, the first of which was tested at the Trinity site in July 1945. However, Germany had surrendered in May 1945, and it had been detect that the German atomic bomb program had not been very close to success. The Allied team produced two nuclear weapons for use in th e war, one ply by uranium-235 and the some other by plutonium as fissionable material, named Little Boy and Fat Man.These were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. This, in combination with the Soviet entrance in the war, convinced the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. These two weapons remain the only two nuclear weapons ever used against other countries in war. Nuclear weapons brought an entirely new and terrifying possibility to warfare a nuclear holocaust. While at first the United States held a monopoly on the production of nuclear weapons, the Soviet colligation, with some assistance from espionage, managed to detonate its first weapon (dubbed Joe-1 by the West) in August 1949.The post-war relations between the two, which had already been deteriorating, began to rapidly disintegrate. Soon the two were locked in a massive stockpiling of nuclear weapons. The United States began a crash-program to develop the first hydrogen bomb in 195 0, and detonated its first thermonuclear weapon in 1952. This new weapon was alone over 400 times as powerful as the weapons used against Japan. The Soviet Union detonated a primitive thermonuclear weapon in 1953 and a full-fledged one in 1955.Nuclear missiles and computerized launch systems increased the range and scope of possible nuclear war. The conflict continued to escalate, with the major superpowers developing long-range missiles (such as the ICBM) and a nuclear strategy which guaranteed that any use of the nuclear weapons would be suicide for the contend nation (Mutually Assured Destruction). The universe of early warning systems put the control of these weapons into the hands of newly created computers, and they served as a tense backdrop throughout the crisp War.Since the 1940s there were concerns about the rising proliferation of nuclear weapons to new countries, which was seen as being destabilizing to international relations, spurring regional arms races, and genera lly increasing the likeliness of some form of nuclear war. Eventually, seven nations would overtly develop nuclear weapons, and still maintain stockpiles today the United States, the Soviet Union (and later Russia would get these), the United Kingdom, France, China, India, and Pakistan.South Africa developed six crude weapons in the 1980s (which it later dismantled), and Israel almost certainly developed nuclear weapons though it never confirmed nor denied it. The creation of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968 was an attempt to curtail such proliferation, but a number of countries developed nuclear weapons since it was signed (and many did not sign it), and a number of other countries, including Libya, Iran, and North Korea, were suspected of having clandestine nuclear weapons programs

Managing New Product Development Essay

New product development requires organizations to facilitate cooperation and coordination between division boundaries within the organization. To facilitate this cooperation and coordination, organizations form cross-operative new product development teams to demand and manage the development process for new products. There are several variations that these teams lav be formed and managed. New product development teams can be structured into four types functional, lightweight, heavyweight, and autonomous (Schilling, 2008). In functional teams, members remain in their respective(prenominal) departments and report to their regular passenger car. In this type of team, members meet periodically to discuss the project. This type of team is usually temporary and team members may only send away a small amount of time on team projects (Schilling, 2008).In lightweight teams, members are still a part of their functional departments, as with functional teams, however, unlike functional tea ms, a lightweight team has a project manager and a dedicated liaison to facilitate communication and coordination between functions (Schilling, 2008). hulk team members are withdraw from their functional departments and are collocated with a project manager. The project managers in heavyweight teams are usually members of senior management with earthshaking authority to command resources. Under a heavyweight team, members are assigned full-time to the project. This helps ensure cross-functional coordination and communication (Schilling, 2008). Under autonomous teams, members are completely removed from their functional departments and dedicated full-time to the development team. In this type of team, membership is sometimes permanent. This type of team is headed by a very senior manager with full control over resources contributed from different functional departments (Schilling, 2008).Autonomous teams often create their own policies, procedures, and reward systems, apart from th e rest of the organization. They are also held amply responsible for the success or failure of any given project. In many ways, autonomous teams behave as if they are independent decisions within the organization. This allows fast and efficient new product development because they do not have to deal with organizational procedures, which could slow the development process (Schilling, 2008).There are many challenges managers formula whenmanaging innovation. Alcatel lambent has a proven record of accomplishment with teams within the Bell Laboratories. Alcatel luminous prides itself on being the place where innovation, through vision and technology, intercept the demand of its customers from incubating start-up projects to performing fundamental and applied research. Bell Labs is the engine behind innovation at Alcatel Lucent designing products and services that are at the forefront of communications technology. More than any other institution, Bell Labs has been at the forefr ont weaving technological fabric of modern society (Alcatel Lucent Innovation, 2006 2010).Their scientist and engineers have made germinal discoveries, launched technical revolutions that have reshaped the way people live, lead, and play. They have built the most advanced and reliable communications networks in the world. Bell Labs has helped Alcatel Lucent take the lead in shaping tomorrows broadband networks powered with service intelligence at every network layer (Alcatel Lucent Innovation, 2006 2010) Bell Labs enjoys a rich customs duty of inventions and innovations that have fundamentally changed the way people communicate and share their lives. Bell Labs utilizes an autonomous team format that recognizes both multiple dimensions of research as healthful as cross-discipline (cross-functional) interactions are critical to the innovation process. Bell Labs scientific disciplines include mathematicians, algorithmic scientist, physical scientist, nanotechnologist, softwar e and computer scientist, and many other specified scientist and researchers (Alcatel Lucent Innovation, 2006 2010).Bell Labs research husbandry can be summed up in two words innovating innovation. They are continuously reevaluating, reassessing, and improving how its research contributes to Alcatel Lucent. Its scientist are a flexible group with a commitment to venturing new paths and seeking out new approaches to product development (Alcatel Lucent, 2010). At Bell Labs, there is a culture of innovating innovation that is based on two key criteria a critical mass of scientist and an entrepreneurial persona. The critical mass of diverse scientist and engineers generate big ideas and work through those ideas from multiple angles, allowing them to approach complex issues from a variety of perspectives and integrate those perspectives into groundbreaking new products and services. Their adoption of an entrepreneurial persona ensures that some of the most bright near term researc h assets are driven intothe business and carried into the market. This process allows Bell Labs researchers work together to direct research insights and innovations into commercialized products and validate them in the marketplace (Alcatel Lucent, 2010).Bell Labs is a research organization with a unique and diverse set of expertise that stretches across a wide gamut of scientific disciplines that has contend a major role in some of the most revolutionary inventions of the last hundred years. It is an organization that has left huge footprints on the communications adorn and continues to explore new paths in unchartered territory (Alcatel Lucent, 2010). Over the next five to ten years, Bell Labs and Alcatel Lucent will continue to be at the forefront of telecommunications solutions and innovations. There market position will only improve with new breakthroughs in communication devices that provide the best solutions for todays enterprises and governments.ReferencesAlcatel Luce nt Company Overview. (2006 2010). Retrieved April 30, 2010, from Alcatel Lucent About Us http//www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/AboutUs/Overview/?lu_lang_code=enAlcatel Lucent Innovation. (2006 2010). Acatel Lucent About Alcatel Lucent Innovation. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from Alcatel Lucent About Innovation http//www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfQV9CVEgAlcatel Lucent. (2010). Innovating Innovation. Retrieved July 6, 2010, from Bell Labs Alcatel Lucent http//www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3DnAFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAZYL6lQ/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0FfNDNDSchilling, M. A. (2008). Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Literature As A Revolutionary Tool For American

In tandem with literacy, literary productions has become one of the leading vehicles for social criticism in American report. It amplifies the authors voice, reverberating it end-to-end the nation, mildew the history of America by changing the opinions of the pot on certain issues. It can induce cries of hope and merriment, like John Winthrops sermon A exemplification of Christian Charity, which speaks about the optimistic prospect of America as the City upon a Hill (Winthrop, 84). But it can also elicit the noticeable cries viciously pointing out the ignored flaws embedded in this more perfect union (U.S. Const. Preamble)the existence of slavery, racism, ethnocentrism and the absence of gender equality. While reading this textbook, it is important to keep in mind the question of intentionwhy a certain piece of publications was written and why during that particular time period and not another. In any case, major movements in American literature leading up to the 19th Century ar not arbitrary or random they are all interrelated by a cause and effect, wherein one movement inspires the critical response of another.The arrival of the Puritans in the sixteenth century brought religious literature into the New terra firma, more specifically ermons such as John Winthrops A Model of Christian Charity, which grounded the principles required for this infant colony to become the City Upon A Hill (Winthrop, 84). Winthrops sermon was an implicated work of criticism towards the European structure of indian lodge, where social class and bloodline would inherently determine a somebodys fate in life.Winthrop mock uped prospective America according to everything the Old World was notit would be a country where the riche and mighty should not eate up the poore, nor the poore, (81) where the people must(prenominal) love one another with a pure hearte fervently eare one another burthens and not looke only on their owne things, but also on the things of their brethren ( 83). This model appealed to the serfs and peasants of Europe because it promoted equality, a concept not unfamiliar but unattainable to the people belonging to the Old World.Although divergence established by the Old World caste system would later be abolished in the New World, gender inequality still remained to be a prevalent form of inequality amongst the peoplenotice that Winthrop calls out for equality among the brethren (83) and not sistren, which is the female equivalent of it. Over two centuries later, Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter would be published in 1850, criticizing the gender inequality within the glorified Puritan Model of Christian Charity. Hawthorne points out this flaw by having Hester Prynne, the woman, repent for her sins by public shame and ostracization whereas Dimmesdale, the man, can successfully wait his sins, albeit it at a great cost in the end. This disparity amongst the experiences of the opposite sex point out the imperfections within Purit an society as well as society in the 19th century. On the topic of inequality, ccompanied by women were black slaves who received the shortest end of the stick of equality.Following the American Independence in 1774, early 19th century American literature mainly comprised of political documents such as The Declaration ot Independence ot 1776, which was written witn the intention to petition tor cure (US, 1776), which in this case would be independence from the British tip. The document itself is a social critique on the monarchial system of the British Empire. By listing the history of repeated injuries and usurpation (US, 1776)) inflicted upon the American Colonies, the drafters of The Declaration ofIndependence are explicitly condemning the tyrannical Imperial System that dominated Europe and the Kingdom of Great Britain throughout history. Almost a century later, the emergence of abolitionist sponsored slave narratives in the 19th century allowed for the direct critique of Amer icas hypocritical claim that the British Crownthe Tyrantwas unfit to be the ruler of the free people whichlater emphasizedexcluded the black community.While the fourth of July is often associated with the Joyful celebration of independence, in the survey of prominent African-American abolitionist Fredrick Douglass, the fourth of July is eferred to as the particular day that reveals to the Negro the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim of (Douglass, The tail of July). The Fourth of July is yours the white citizens, not mine the blacks Douglass said in his 1852 speech The Meaning of July Fourth to the Negro. His statement summarizes the fact that the basic rights the whites were born with were not considered as rights or even privileges for the blacksfree or enslaved. Fast-forward to post civil war in 1983 Mark Twain publishes Puddnhead Wilson, a tragic comedy criticizing the lack of ights given to slaves. In the conclusion, the creditors of the Driscoll es tate claim fake Tom as their lawful property (Twain, 122). This reference to property can be viewed as criticism towards the Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v.Stanford in 1857, where Judge Taney ruled Scott, the slave, as property and therefore cannot be freed, despite setting foot on a free state, because it would be depriving a person of property without due process or Just compensation which violates the 5th Amendment. The comic tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson, then, serves as a critical pprobrium directed upon the inequitable ship canal in which the slaves were treated. The philosophical movement known as transcendentalism began its short, but impactful lifespan during the 1820s and 1830s.Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are among the renowned icons of the transcendentalist movement. The transcendentalist movement began as criticism towards society and its institutionsparticularly organized religion and political parties. Influenced by Romanticism, the transcendentalists re spected the individual spirit and the natural world, believing that divinity was present in nature and apiece person. In his essay Self-Reliance, Emerson compares an institution to the lengthened shadow of one man (Emerson, 26).Self-Reliance circles itself around the idea of Individualism where imitation is suicide (20), so this comparison suggests that organizations check principles based on the ideas of a single person, forcing everyone else to conform to the ideas of a man other than themselvesa concept condemned by transcendentalists. Transcendentalism also included the shopping center belief that all men were inherently gooda belief that would later breed a completely different generation of writers. Herman Melville was among the writers who advocated ealism, the antithesis of all things romanticistic or transcendental.His novella Bartleby tells the story of a scrivener named Bartleby. Like Thoreau, Bartleby is a passive resistor. However, while Thoreau argues that his act ot passive resistance trees him, Bartlebys passivity provokes the narrator to stop him, and ultimately, his refusal to accept authority results in his self-inflicted death. Furthermore, although Thoreau considers solitude as his most companionable (Thoreau, 88) companion, Bartlebys loneness was the cause for his boss comment on his incurably forlorn (Melville, 9) ppearance.The key difference between transcendentalism and realism isnt very far fetchedone is optimistic while the other is realistically grimwhile Thoreaus passive resistance liberates him and allows him to fully extend himself, Bartlebys passive resistance only affirms the authority and control that society has over him. Although the motives for social criticism may vary over the decades, the overall purpose of literature is to act as a vessel for social criticism in order to spark movementsfor better or worse in an otherwise savourless society.

Green Tea Essay

blue jet afternoon teatime is an essential part of pots everyday life around the world it is ambrosial and healthy but is that all there is to it? Most large number in Europe and Asia prefer common land tea over other beverages as it is light and energizing. china, where tea came from, is the center of commons culture Chinese mountain have much higher life expectancy due to living healthy and inebriation green tea.As many people k straightway the history of green tea began in chinaw are (Learn all approximately the archives of Green Tea). Some sources claim that there are references to green tea as far as 5000 year ago. It do-nothing be true because many ancient Chinese artists portrayed wealthy people inebriety tea (Painting). Also tea in ancient China was a treat for the wealthy so it couldve taken some time to develop. There are dickens legends about where tea came from circulating the world. First one says an old man accidently stepped on a locomote tea leaf a nd tasted its juices, he thought it tasted great and had some special properties (Learn all about the invoice of Green Tea). Second one tells that an Emperor Shen Nung discovered tea when a blossom fell in his cup (Learn all about the History of Green Tea).With time tea became more than just a drink but a part of the Chinese culture. Drinking tea wasnt just about the tea, a whole new tea art was developed. Tea and tea wares should match surrounding elements much(prenominal) as breeze, pines, bamboo, plums and snow. All there show harmony of human and nature (Tea Culture). It is easy to understand wherefore tea is so important once you come across a tea ceremony or read one if the many books about it. In the painting you can see that wealthy people were drinking tea and the peasants were making it. The reason why only people of high class could commit tea is because the ceremony was a very complex practice which required pricy equipment and skilled laborers. A proper tea ceremony requires extensive training and spiritual discipline.Over time many people realized that pure green tea is a great far oxidizer, even too great, drinking pure green tea dangerously burned fat away, Chinese had to find a solution. They switched to oolong tea which contained less fat oxidizing agents (Learn all about the History of Green Tea). Oolong tea was the reasonable solution and now it is the more or less popular tea in China.All around the world tea is tea but that same tea carries contrastive meaning in each part of the world. For example in Japan, the besotted tea ceremony reflects the nations character in the West tea is made with take out and sugar to create romantic atmosphere and in every different part of China different people all have appeal to their own kind of tea which makes them unique (Tea Culture). Now we can rule out that people love tea but why?Tea is a global beverage whether its green or black, hot or cold, its healthy and thirst fulfil drink that peo ple around the world consume in numerous amounts to refuel their Becky). Many people replace coffee with tea to avoid crashes and coffee addiction. Antioxidants and flavonoids found only in green tea has shown that tea is very effective in improving mental alertness, reducing cholesterol levels and preventing low note pressure. To get the full benefit from green tea you have to make your own tea at home, bottled tea isnt natural and does not come with all the nutrients.As you can see green tea is very good for your body but as with every beverage there are some minor side effects. Green tea contains caffeine, which in excess can cause restlessness, crabbedness and sleeping problems (Green Tea Side effects Warnings). It is safe to drink no more than 5 cups of tea a day furthermore, one should not drink it during mealtime because green tea can reduce concentration of iron and folic acid.With that said, green tea is a healthy drink that came from ancient China. It does have some h opeless things to it but the benefits shadows them. History of green tea continues on even now, being number two most popular drink after crystal clear water, even more popular than Coca genus Cola and beer.Works CitedAncient Chinese drinking tea. Sldinter. 18 Jan 2013. http//sldinter.com/upload_news/tea%20hist.jpg. Green Tea Side Effects Warnings Amazing-green-tea. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.amazing-green-tea.com/green-tea-side-effects.html. Hand, Becky. The Truth About Green Tea. Sparkpeople. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.sparkpeople.com/resource/nutrition_articles.asp?id=107. Learn all about the History of Green Tea Green-teas-guide. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.green-teas-guide.com/history-of-green-tea.html. Tea Culture.. Travel china guide. 20 Jan 2013http//www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine_drink/tea/culture.htm.

Deconstruction Final

Leaderships contingency theory focuses on the enormousness of a leader related to heir situation, (Morehouse 2010, p. 123) transformational theory focuses on a process that changes and transforms people, (Morehouse 2010, p. 200) and authentic lead focuses on leading being morally grounded and responsive to needs, (Morehouse 2010, p. 237). Aristotle Rhetoric discusses how a leader must be able to observe and discern what persuasion might be effective development deferent inborn arguments. Aristotle defines pathos as emotions of the lis cristaler, ethos as character of the speaker and logos as logic or reason.Leaders must master rhetoric skills In both writ tenner and verbal communications to succeed. Immunization that strikes a confirmatory chord with the listener Is Important in order to guide a team to achieve a goal. Each leader in 12 Angry Men and dead(p) Poets Society had a get ahead goal and understood how to drive their group that goal. 12 Angry Men is in a sasss court room, where 12 men from various backgrounds and divers(prenominal) personalities, find themselves deciding the fate of a teenage boy charge of murdering his grow.The vote must be unanimous and without doubt, with a guilty verdict resulting in the remainder of the junior man facing trial. dead(p) Poets Society Is In a 1 puffs all young-begetting(prenominal) embarkment school, (Walton academy), which prides Itself on excellence, tradition, honor, and discipline. Walton Is rolled In Its educational methods and Is non open to todays talking outside the box mentality. John Keating is a new poetry professor and a Walton alumnae, who wants to Inspire Nils young men to KICK at ten world Transiently, to suck ten marrow out AT life, (Oxford University Press USA, 2011), and find their make amaze in the world.With 12 Angry Men, juryman 8, (Fond), was non the assigned Jury leader solely emerged as the primary leader within minutes of the group sequester. Fonds situation willed his leadership traits to apply with success. Fonds leadership was ascribable to his ethical need for a Jury decision without reasonable doubt. Fond is authentic when presenting his ratiocination for the non guilty vote. After casting the single non guilty vote, Fond used inducive conclude to take in questions that triggered a battery of horny and logical discussions ensuing internally and externally with severally man.Fond appealed to each of the 11 other jurymans by asking probing questions and his first being l unsloped want to talk. Lets non easy to raise my hand and send a boy pip to die without talking about it first (Lumen, 1957). This inductive statement is also an appeal to emotions of others, asking them to suck up before making such a pivotal life decision. Fond was using pathos or emotions to persuade. This results in the group allowing a nonp atomic number 18il-hour deliberation before taking a second vote. Fond request the second vote be secret ballot, showing his supportive skill, to allow those not quite snug to vote their conscience. juror 9, (Sweeney), is the first to change his vote to not guilty, basing it solely upon Fonds single stand signifying character the eldest of the group. Fond was using ethos or hereafter to persuade. After Sweeneys not guilty vote, Fond continues his appeal using logical arguments, presented in a manner that promote respect of others, statements as suppose that. And is it possible. Fond is likable to those quieter, possibly of lower social status and unsure to voice their thoughts.Fonds rhetoric of emotion, character, and logic appeals to each Juror in differently and draws them into to his goal of discussing the trial and ensuring their decision is without doubt. Fond begins to gain their respect and supportive gossip into the discussions. Juror 5, (Clunking), relates to the accused as he grew up in similar situation and once he moved to reasonable doubt, assists in logically arguments with how a sw itchblade clapper is used. Clunking physically acts out how a person would use a switchblade. Fond transforms other Jurors into leaders and supporters of reasonable doubt argument.Fond questions the fact that the knife used to kill the father is unique, he wonders if there could be other similar knives to the group. The knife that killed the father is brought to the Jurors and as the group discuss its uniqueness. Fond resents a second knife identical to the knife of evidence. This one act of logic presents reasonable doubt. Another example of logical argument is the eyeglass marks on the female witnesses nose. The female witness identifies the young man at night as the murderer go awoke her and she saw the young man from her window. The female witness had nose marks besides no glass during the trial.Fond asks Juror 4, (Marshall), who wears eyeglasses if anything else besides glasses could make nose marks like found on the female witness. Marshall says no. As Fond gathers support , en moves Trot Inactive to actively reasoning Walt social arguments, presents more passion and his own thoughts causing reasonable doubt. An example of his passion is specific to El train argument. Fond goes to great lengths on asking if someone is able to hear other noises everywhere the El Train, if there was enough condemnation for the elderly male witness to make it from his bed to the door while the El Train passed.Fond counts off the length the elderly male witness would have to go from his bedroom to the apartment door, would the old man be able to make the distance in the time of the El train passing. This is an appeal to logic and contradicting to the witnesses statement. Fond exhibits contingency theory aspects, maneuvering through the discussions with the other Jurors, due to his position of power because of logical arguments. Fond rewards or punishes Jurors based on their level of support with his anxiety level.Fond accepted a cough drop from Juror 2, (Fiddler), bu t refused gum from juror 7, (Warden) offered water to Sweeney but not to Juror 10, (Begley). 12 Angry Men is biased in presentation, (I. E. All white male Jury, Puerco Rican/ minority accused, effectiveness of Americas Judicial system, Juror personal biases), and within some of Fonds arguments, (I. . Ignoring some aspects of discussions). Each Juror also brought some personal bias to the story Juror gs (Cob) intolerance of most anything or Juror asss, (Begley), racists aspect of us/them mentality.Fonds character bias appears through ignoring of topics he did not agree with or did not help his reasonable doubt argument, (ignoring the thought of sunglasses also causing nose marks the comparable as eyeglasses). With absolutely Poets Society John Keating was a leader due to his situation of being a Walton Academy professor. At the same time, his leadership is contingent upon the needs of his key students. Todd is new to Walton but is by-line in his older brothers valedictorian status , which causes self-doubt. Neil desires control over his own life but his father is uninterested and overbearing.Charlie is the most outspoken of the group but desires more freedom. Knox is painfully shy. Keating starts his first class off crotchety challenging students to think for themselves, be daring, communicating they are powerful men who have a wonderful life to live. Settings first class is interactive and passionate he is interested in the boys and their thoughts. Keating presents poetry in a different light it is what ascribes humans. Keating challenges the boys to live life to the fullest by showing them past alumnae pictures and stating, Theyre not that different from you, are they?Same haircuts. Full of hormones, Just like you. Invincible, Just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe theyre apprenticed for great things, Just like many of you their eyes are full of hope, Just like you. Did they turn back until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? (Hokiest Dead Poets Society, 2011). This question only invokes emotion and logic, which are woo of Aristotle internal arguments, (pathos, and logos). He is appealing to their youth to KICK toward transformation of all. ten Torture.I Nils Deigns ten teacher-student connection Ana Keating is interesting to the boys. The boys find Seatings old yearbook where he has Dead Poets Society, (DIPS), as an activity, which prompts them to ask about it. Keating tells the boys is it a secret club where boys meet in a nearby cave to render poetry, discover life and locomote true to themselves. Neil decides that the group should start DIPS up again, find their own place in the world, allowing poetry to inspire. The boys initiate a new DIPS, with Todd Joining as long as he does not have to read poetry aloud.Keating is using inspired motivation to enable his students to grow and disperse their minds beyond the rigid Walton walls. DIPS is a method allowing the boys to challenge their own beliefs and be creative, which is intellectual stimulation. DIPS meetings ensue in a nearby cave at night where the groups of boys begin to read poetry, share their thoughts and dreams, discuss subjects, allow rebellious behavior, and bond. This is a step in team building, support, and starting to lead heir own lives. The boys are building trust, collaboration, and are transforming into leaders of themselves.As the ikon progresses, Keating gains more stamina and enthusiasm because of the boys responses. Keating uses unorthodox yet shake up ways of pushing the boys to self-awareness and thinking for themselves. Keating presents how individuals in a group conform without awareness by having the boys march as a group, at first discordant, but soon in unison. Keating berates Todd to create a poesy off the cuff in front of the class and Todd succeeds. Keating expresses his pride with Toddys success Dont you forget this, (Quotes from the movie Dead Poe ts Society, 2011).Keating has each student stand on his desks to see the room from a different perspective. All these acts spectre on transformational leadership points idealized influence, motivation, or intellectual stimulation. The students themselves continue to transform, becoming more like nonparasitic and freethinking. Neil auditions for a play and secures a part knowing it will displease his father. Knox is interested in a girl named Chris, who has a popular football player boyfriend. Nooks vision of dating Chris is clear and as he finds self- inference secures a date with Chris.The group is supportive of each other via various examples Neil tossing Toddys duplicate birthday gift from his parents into the wind, the boys attending Nils play, and the boys supporting Knox in his quest for Chris. The boys are cohesive. Seatings inspiring direction in the work force of young men is unregulated and without the tempering of experience. The boys do not understand where to draw t he line in the quest for becoming individuals. Charlie sends a letter from DIPS to Welters administration requesting acceptance of women. Welters administration is splashed and demands the culprit for punishment.Charlie admits guilt, does not supply DIPS memoir names, Ana receives punishment. Keating attempts to point out expression must be tempered with logic with in that respect is a time for daring and a time for caution, and a wise man knows which is called for, (Quotes from the movie Dead Poets Society, 2011). Keating suggest Neil tell his father, (Mr.. Perry), how he feels about acting and that he wants to take part in the play. Mr.. Perry disapproves of Neil participating in the play, however, Neil does not tell Keating this. Neil participates in the play. Mr..Perry removes Neil from Walton and tells him he will attend military school and become a doctor. Neil is not self-assured enough or experienced enough to withstand his fathers rule and commits suicide. Mr.. Perry blam es Keating for his sons death and request a school inquiry. The school headmaster, and to a degree the parents, coarse the boys to sign documents stating Keating is the cause of Nils suicide. Walton Academy dismisses Kitten. The next day the headmaster takes over Settings somber poetry class during which Keating enters to secure his belongings.As Keating is leaving, Todd stands upon his ask exclamation Oh captain, my captain, (Weir, 1997). Todd finds his voice, his inner leader and expresses his support and appreciation to Keating with this one act of defiance. In conjunction, Toddys statement is an emotional and character appeal to the boys to do the same. One by one the boys forever changed by Keating stood on their desks. Dead Poets Society biases appear in presentation and in characters. Walton Academy is a learning institution that is not open to other methods of teaching.It appears the means is more important than the end, which is not true for all educational institutions. T he movie does not explore fully the impact Keating had on other professors. In a short snipping toward the end, Keating sees another professor taking his class outside which alludes to his impact but no farther. Keating bias is world and idealism, shown by his action of ripping out the first chapter of the poetry class book, which is the realistic method of poetry. Keating is not open to teaching poetry methods. 12 Angry Men and Dead Poets Society are not only entertainment movies but also lessons in leadership and rhetoric.

Ideological underpinnings of a movie Essay

An expectation has arisen among charter-critics and audiences, that word-painting-makers will deal with the serious issues, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as racial discrimination and violence, at a serious level. In other words, it is expected by critics and admit-goers alike that requires will fetch meat. However, if meaning is expected what precisely creates and communicates meaning in a film? As Louis Giannetti points erupt in his book, Understanding Movies (2008), the presence of ideology in a film impacts the film in its entirety, from tone to theme.In Giannettis estimation, ideology is another language system in film and this language is largely conveyed through with(predicate) enactment (Giannetti, 453). In order to help illustrate the room that ideology watchs films, Giannetti offers a series of categories into which the influence of ideology in film freighter be functionally divided. The following discussion of the film ccc (2007) will use Giannettis ideas as a support-structure to show how meaning in film is in the long run determined by the films prevailing ideology.In any discussion of meaning in film, it will be distinguished to distinguish between what might be considered overt or yet propagandistic meaning and thematic or expressive meaning. Of course this distinction is quite artificial and the both hypothetically divided types of meaning ar often one and the same. That said, in that location is often a overt difference between a film which has an explicit propagandistic agenda than a film which is ground on generating thematic and emotional subtlety. The movie ccc offers, even to the nearly casual viewer, an pillow slip of what Giannetti calls limpid ideology (Giannetti, 449).In this category of ideological content, a movie serves, at least partially, as plain propaganda for a viewpoint or cause. That 300 functions as a form of propaganda is easily arguable. However, it is slightly more(prenominal) than difficult t o pinpoint exactly what specific cause or theme is being forwarded by the films ideology. In order to determine the films ideological bearing, closer attention essential be paid to its content and its artistic tone. Giannetti mentions that tone in a film can be one of the just about strategic perspectives of presenting the films ideology.What Giannetti means by tone is its manner of innovation (Giannetti, 489). For example, in the movie 300, any number of important scenes, if played with a comic rather than a lofty tone, would create a antithetical response in the viewer and therfore communicate a different ideological vision. Imagine the scene where Leonidas kicks the Persian messenger down the surface if the well had sounded by a loud burp after swallowing the messenger, the tone of the scene would have mocked the idea of austere pride and Spartan loyalty rather than celebrating it.The reason that tone is so important in a film is that it defines the style the audience will evaluate and judge the characters and scenes of a film. Because as Giannetti insists, Tone can strongly print our responses to a given set of value (Giannetti, 489), tone is closely connected to ideology and theme. In the example given above, Leonidas kicks the Persian messenger down the well and this scene is presented in a heroic tone. From the first gear of the film, the viewer is cued-in to understand that the Spartans are heroic and that they operate from a sense of pride and fearlessness.The tone of heroicism is conveyed not only through the action of the scene, but through the stylized representation of the characters as muscle-bound heros. The Mise-en-scene of the film is connected to the visual color-schemes of comic books and graphic novels. The sense of legend permeates the film, as it permeates the actual diachronic event. Therefore, the most dominant or controlling tone of 300 can be considered heroic. The position that a movie has a controlling tone does no t mean that other types of tones are not present in isolated scenes.In fact, the opposite is generally the case. The shifts against the dominant tone also help to convey meaning and ideology in a film. If the controlling tone of 300 is heroic, then the scenes that play against this dominant tone, such as the scene where Theron go bads puff Gorgo, serve to reinforce the films dominant tone and ideology. When Theron tells the Queen she will not enjoy what is going to happen to her, the tone of the scene is tragic rather than heroic, and Therons status as a villain is cemented in the audiences minds.The scene, by depicting graphically, the rape of Spartas Queen reinforces the heroic sacrifice of Leonidas and his men. Another aspect of films that influences ideological language is the cultural context in which a given film is made and shown. Cultural context is a crucial aspect of a films ideological meaning. The expectations of a given audience rest on the fact that Every nation has a characteristic way of looking at life, a set of values that is typical of a given culture (Giannetti, 465). The movie 300 is an American movie made for American audiences. ecause of this it would be hard for anyone to miss the obvious connections between contemporary world-events and the ideological themes that are shown in the movie. Comparisons with new-fangled events are more or less easy. Any observer could see the present-day war against terrorist act as a stand for freedom and to view the Battle of Thermopylae as a assort of allegory for the advanced(a)-day struggle against tyranny. Obviously, the movie 300 forwards this connection through the kind of code that Giannetti describes.Still, as Dennis Behreandt points out in his review of the film from The New American (2007) the movie serves to buttress the American mythos that our present-day warriors are likewise fighting for freedom in Iraq and also that this is most evident in the scene where Gorgo addresses the Gerou sia, the Spartan Senate when her speech could only remind any aware person of the recent mountain surge in Iraq (Behreandt). This kind of cultural context would, obviously, be of less significance to someone who lived out side of the U. S. han to someone steeped in to American values. In addition to the cultural context of a film, there is usually a predominant political context. The political context of a film, for Giannetti, can loosely be divided into one of two categories left and right. Left-leaning films are those that show multiple viewpoints to issues and propose more waxy responses to issues and problems. Giannetti describes leftists as people who believe we ought to be flexible in our judgments. By contrast, right-leaning film-makers are those who grasp a more stringent world-view.The rightist film-maker is more absolute in judging human behavior right hand and wrong are fairly clear-cut and ought to be evaluated correspond to a strict code of stand (Giannetti, 45 7). In the case of 300, the designation of Rightest is, obviously, the most fitting for the film due to its tone and cultural perspective. Loosely, according to the discussion above, the following observations about 300 can be made in light of Giannettis criteria for evaluating the ideological underpinnings of films.First, that 300 is a film that relies predominantly on a heroic tone. Second, the film 300 depends on the specific cultural associations of American society to find its full ideological impact. Third, that 300 represents a Rightest political ideology. The three conclusions, taken together, along with the initial determination that 300 is an explicit communicator if ideology, beg the apparent motion as to whether or not 300 is more a vehicle for entertainment or propaganda. sensation of the opposing aspects to this idea is the fact that 300 is based on history. The idea that historical realism balances out the poetic licesne often taken by Hollywood regarding tone and pr esentation is one that, for better or worse, many film-goers probably believe. In addition to the idea that a culture could exert such will power in its soldiery caste and instill within each(prenominal) soldier a sense of intrepidity and fearlessness was a very powerful concept in 300 , which seems to resonate deeply with modern times.It is hard not to be fascinated by the Spartans, to wonder what made them as strong and firm a they were and to wonder just as Xerxes What kind of men were these Spartans who in three days had kill before his Majestys eyes no fewer than twenty thousand of His most intrepid warriors? (Pressfield, 8). However, the fact shades of realism exist within the largely stylized or expressionistic step of the film only serves to elevate its power to transmit equally stylized (or sortd) ideologies.For example, the difference between chest and pride seemed to have a great deal of influence on the Spartan conception of intrepidity as it was portrayed in the movie 300. Modern-day leaders would never think of putting themselves in direct danger like King Leonidas his pride rather than his vanity dictated his actions and pride stems from a sense of civic (or national) unity. Loyalty is another important concept in the movie. It be go intos the central most important idea, given that Spartan military power evolved out of the phalanx, which required the utmost loyalty and steadfastness of each warrior in the unit as a whole.The idea that a Greek traitor showed the Persians another path, which enabled them to come round behind and encircle the Greeks and that this ultimately led to the wholesale destruction of the Spartans at Thermopylae shows how important loyalty was to the Spartans. After Leonidas is killed his men fought on with redoubled fury under the Persian arrows, as much to defend the fallen body of their King from the savagery of the barbarians as to show their valor (THE GREATEST WARRIORS).The historical basis of the film i s incorporated into the larger and more important myth of the movie that is conveyed in heroic tones that simplify historical subtleties and create a fictional paradigm of idealism. Therefore, the fact that realism in films can be construed into a propagandistic function, is the reality that filmmakers, and especially American filmmakers, are subject to the prejudices and blind-spots which are constitutive(a) to the social position they occupy and to which they owe their ability to make high-profile films.Elizabeth G. Traubes Dreaming Identities Class, Gender, and Generation in 1980s (1992) offers background to the mores and machinations of the filmmaking industry in America and her observations are important for understanding that movies are, in fact, propagandistic and often they represent the experience of only a very small segment of American society. This slightness is obscured, according to Traube, beneath a veneer which can be thought of as a traditionalisticistic moralis tic package.Traube points out that, in reality, audience preferences are only one of many factors that influence exertion decisions. Producers also shape their work to conform to dominant sensibilities and values, including those of the producing community itself (Traube, 69). This reality combined with Traubes compound but insightful understanding of fairy-tale motifs in movies is crucial to elucidating the way that anger and racial conflict are expressed propagandistically in film.All fables rely on a straightforward, linear narrative due to the fact that complex stories tend to obscure the thrust of the intended moral. Because the author of any fable is able to exchange topical news and politics into universal predicaments (Haggiss Fable 38), a fable carries with it the dangerous connotations of stereotype and oversimplification. The movie 300 stands as an heroic statement about the importance of protecting liberty and freedom.The ideological message that bravery and loyalty a re essential aspects of preserving freedom and rather than Sparta, now it is America that faces the bane from Persia and by telling this story so forcefully and with so much passion the film embrace the mythos of the battle rather than the historical truth of the era, which is strongly conveyed in the film. (Behreandt). The ideological underpinnings of the movie 300 are based in a rightist, conservative set of political values that celebrate military capacitance and force of strength. he films ideological message is one of social and civic duty as well as xenophobia.The film is geared toward an American audience in a time when America faces military challenges on several fronts and as such plays to the expectations of its audience. The tone of the film is heroic and its political ideology is conservative. The most logical conclusion that can be drawn from these facts is that, as mentioned by Giannetti, the ideological language of the film emerges as the most important aspect of th e film as a whole.Further, the code that is used in the movie is comprised of historical truths and cultural stereotypes. The film blurs the line between entertainment and propaganda. It is accurate to suggest that the film, scanty of its propagandistic functions, would cease to exist. The unity of the film, in terms of narrative, editing, staging, costuming, scene construction and even music is derived more from a unity of ideology than from a unity of style or form.The movie follows a traditional fairy-tale arc of narrative to reinforce an already existing set of ideologies in its expected audience. Therefore, the best way in which to interpret the movie 300 is the method demonstrated by Giannetti that isolates and categorizes the ideological code of a film and makes the ideological language much more understandable for the average film-goer.