Golf and Gatorade

Kyle Qualizza English 104 2/8/10 Gatorade One of the most dominating keys in today’s business world can easily be seen through the Gatorade Company. Their products have become extremely popular to the world, keeping their competition in the dust. Ordinary businesses struggle to retain their name on the board with this eminent company in the way, and for obvious reasons: excellent advertisement. Forty-five years have passed since the creation of this ultimate athletic drink, and Gatorade still continues to flourish. The product itself has a legendary story behind it. Many say that the University of Florida first noticed that all of their athletes could not perform to their highest skill level due to dehydration. Both professors and coaches decided to come together and find a solution to this problem. After multiple trial and error labs were performed, they finally broke through with an unbelievable item. They found something that would do more than just replenish fluids. It supplied the body with a plentiful amount of electrolytes, a task that water cannot complete (Gatorade History). With electrolytes, this beverage provided the Florida Gator football players with both energy and awareness to perform at their peak. This break-through proves to be one of the largest in sports technology today. Now that they came up with a product, the next most important topic to discuss was advertisement. They needed to know exactly how to market this product. When Gatorade first came out, the advertisements displayed to its viewers how the efficiency level rises when you use their particular item for consumption. One of the keys to effectively advertising can be seen through repetition. Gatorade utilizes this tool through the three â€Å"R’s†: rehydrate, replenish, and refuel that marks each bottle (Gatorade). Now that Gatorade’s popularity began to rise, they wanted to expand their product across the world. The company started casting commercials with professional athletes who drank their product. This allowed the fans to build a connection with their favorite professional players. This approach proved to be extremely successful. People believe that if they drink Gatorade, that they are more like this socially accepted superstar. Not to mention, people gain a personal type of self-confidence that they too will dominant a sport if they drink like the professionals. Recent commercials involving Tiger Woods, Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan, and Michael Phelps reinforced this style of advertisement. However, by advertising certain people, expectations have to be met or sales will decrease. The best example for this circumstance happened about a month ago. Tiger Woods, golf legend, had his own style of Gatorade made specifically for him. Woods always took on this picture-perfect image as the best golfer and great role model, always supported by his loving wife and family. Gatorade saw this as an opportunity to make a great deal of money by advertising his name and face on their product. At first, the athletic drink was a huge hit. He improved his golf swing and began winning every tournament he entered, leaving sales at an all time high. Gatorade continued to sell this beverage because of his high performance, until he slipped up. Everything was based on his performance on the golf course until he finally slipped up. What people didn’t see was his at-home life. Woods raced out of his house in his SUV and crashed into a tree. At first, many believed he fell asleep behind the wheel. However, after digging deeper, the police discovered Woods actually had been running from his wife, Elin, in order to be with other women. Tiger cheated on his wife with nine other women. This disturbing news came to the public, leaving them shocked and full of questions. His perfect image crumbled. Gatorade no longer wanted to use Tiger in their advertisement because of his tainted image. The Tiger Woods series took on an extreme blow. Not only did the sales drop astronomically, but the company itself faced the condescending public’s eye because they once supported him. The Gatorade Company had no other option but to discontinue the Tiger Woods series. (Original bottle) Also, another factor to consider is the design of the bottle. In 1985, the beverage’s marketing looked extremely bland. There was no vibrancy to the product which did not catch the buyer’s eye. The Gatorade Company took notice. As the product continued to become more advanced, so did the advertising. Within the forty -five years, Gatorade has changed their image significantly. Their newest of bottles being decorated with extremely bright, bold colors and features. The label of the product now â€Å"pops† to the buyers. Furthermore, there are inspirational sayings along the side of the drink. In addition, the color of the actual fluid is different with every type of flavor. All together, the advertising makes for a very balanced and animated item. In today’s society everything is now viewed on health and body image. Gatorade has taken their product to the next level by lowering the calorie per bottle and allowing anyone on any diet to consume their beverage. It is the revolutionized way of the food market. All in all, the advertising action of Gatorade has played a huge role in their production. Without the color balance or vibrancy of the label the product wouldn’t be noticed. And, without the inspirational commercials, the drink wouldn’t be as seen as such a highly marked item. However, since the Gatorade Company has taken time to fully understand this side of marketing, their results are booming. Work Cited Decision News Media SAS, â€Å"Gatorade to expand advertising†. Ethical Naturals, Inc.. 2/8/10 . * Gatorade, â€Å"Gatorade History†. Pepsi. 2/8/10 . * Hein, Kenneth. â€Å"How Powerade Downed Gatorade in Court†. Adweek 8/6/09: 1-2 * . * Neilsen, â€Å"Gatorade†. Marketwire 12/28/08: 1-3. * Robinson, Allen. â€Å"Gatorade Analysis†. Gatorade . 2/8/10 .

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 17 Wye

WYE-†¦ A sector of the world-city of Trantor†¦ In the latter centuries of the Galactic Empire, Wye was the strongest and stablest portion of the world-city. Its rulers had long aspired to the Imperial throne, justifying that by their descent from early Emperors. Under Mannix IV, Wye was militarized and (Imperial authorities later claimed) was planning a planet-wide coup. Encyclopedia Galactica 82. The man who entered was tall and muscular. He had a long blond mustache that curled up at the tips and a fringe of hair that went down the sides of his face and under his chin, leaving the point of his chin and his lower lip smoothly bare and seeming a little moist. His head was so closely cropped and his hair was so light that, for one unpleasant moment, Seldon was reminded of Mycogen. The newcomer wore what was unmistakably a uniform. It was red and white and about his waist was a wide belt decorated with silver studs. His voice, when he spoke, was a rolling bass and its accent was not like any that Seldon had heard before. Most unfamiliar accents sounded uncouth in Seldon's experience, but this one seemed almost musical, perhaps because of the richness of the low tones. â€Å"I am Sergeant Emmer Thalus,† he rumbled in a slow succession of syllables. â€Å"I have come seeking Dr. Hari Seldon.† Seldon said, â€Å"I am he.† In an aside to Dors, he muttered, â€Å"if Hummin couldn't come himself, he certainly sent a magnificent side of beef to represent him.† The sergeant favored Seldon with a stolid and slightly prolonged look. Then he said, â€Å"Yes. You have been described to me. Please come with me, Dr. Seldon.† Seldon said, â€Å"Lead the way.† The sergeant stepped backward. Seldon and Dors Venabili stepped forward. The sergeant stopped and raised a large hand, palm toward Dors. â€Å"I have been instructed to take Dr. Hari Seldon with me. I have not been instructed to take anyone else.† For a moment, Seldon looked at him uncomprehendingly. Then his look of surprise gave way to anger. â€Å"It's quite impossible that you have been told that, Sergeant. Dr. Dors Venabili is my associate and my companion. She must come with me.† â€Å"That is not in accordance with my instructions, Doctor.† â€Å"I don't care about your instructions in any way, Sergeant Thalus. I do not budge without her.† â€Å"What's more,† said Dors with clear irritation, â€Å"my instructions are to protect Dr. Seldon at all times. I cannot do that unless I am with him. Therefore, where he goes, I go.† The sergeant looked puzzled. â€Å"My instructions are strict that I see to it that no harm comes to you, Dr. Seldon. If you will not come voluntarily, I must carry you to my vehicle. I will try to do so gently.† He extended his two arms as though to seize Seldon by the waist and carry him off bodily. Seldon skittered backward and out of reach. As he did so, the side of his right palm came down on the sergeant's right upper arm where the muscles were thinnest, so that he struck the bone. The sergeant drew a sudden deep breath and seemed to shake himself a bit, but turned, face expressionless, and advanced again. Davan, watching, remained where he was, motionless, but Raych moved behind the sergeant. Seldon repeated his palm stroke a second time, then a third, but now Sergeant Thalus, anticipating the blow, lowered his shoulder to catch it on hard muscle. Dors had drawn her knives. â€Å"Sergeant,† she said forcefully. â€Å"Turn in this direction, I want you to understand I may be forced to hurt you severely if you persist in attempting to carry Dr. Seldon off against his will.† The sergeant paused, seemed to take in the slowly waving knives solemnly, then said, â€Å"It is not in my instructions to refrain from harming anyone but Dr. Seldon.† His right hand moved with surprising speed toward the neuronic whip in the holster at his hip. Dors moved as quickly forward, knives flashing. Neither completed the movement. Dashing forward, Raych had pushed at the sergeant's back with his left hand and withdrew the sergeant's weapon from its holster with his right. He moved away quickly, holding the neuronic whip in both hands now and shouting, â€Å"Hands up, Sergeant, or you're gonna get it!† The sergeant whirled and a nervous look crossed his reddening face. It was the only moment that its stolidity had weakened. â€Å"Put that down, sonny,† he growled. â€Å"You don't know how it works.† Raych howled, â€Å"I know about the safety. It's off and this thing can fire. And it will if you try to rush me.† The sergeant froze. He clearly knew how dangerous it was to have an excited twelve-year-old handling a powerful weapon. Nor did Seldon feel much better. He said, â€Å"Careful, Raych. Don't shoot. Keep your finger off the contact.† â€Å"I ain't gonna let him rush me.† â€Å"He won't.-Sergeant, please don't move. Let's get something straight. You were told to take me away from here. Is that right?† â€Å"That's right,† said the sergeant, eyes somewhat protruding and firmly fixed on Raych (whose eyes were as firmly fixed on the sergeant). â€Å"But you were not told to take anyone else. Is that right?† â€Å"No, I was not, Doctor,† said the sergeant firmly. Not even the threat of a neuronic whip was going to make him weasel. One could see that. â€Å"Very well, but listen to me, Sergeant. Were you told not to take anyone else?† â€Å"I just said-â€Å" â€Å"No, no. Listen, Sergeant. There's a difference. Were your instructions simply ‘Take Dr. Seldon!'? Was that the entire order, with no mention of anyone else, or were the orders more specific? Were your orders as follows: ‘Take Dr. Seldon and don't take anyone else'?† The sergeant turned that over in his head, then he said, â€Å"I was told to take you, Dr. Seldon.† â€Å"Then there was no mention of anyone else, one way or the other, was there?† Pause. â€Å"No.† â€Å"You were not told to take Dr. Venabili, but you were not told not to take Dr. Venabili either. Is that right?† Pause. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"So you can either take her or not take her, whichever you please?† Long pause. â€Å"I suppose so.† â€Å"Now then, here's Raych, the young fellow who's got a neuronic whip pointing at you-your neuronic whip, remember-and he is anxious to use it.† â€Å"Yay!† shouted Raych. â€Å"Not yet, Raych,† said Seldon. â€Å"And here is Dr. Venabili with two knives that she can use very expertly and there's myself, who can, if I get the chance, break your Adam's apple with one hand so that you'll never speak above a whisper again. Now then, do you want to take Dr. Venabili or don't you want to? Your orders allow you to do either.† And finally the sergeant said in a beaten voice, â€Å"I will take the woman.† â€Å"And the boy, Raych.† â€Å"And the boy.† â€Å"Good. Have I your word of honor-your word of honor as a soldier-that you will do as you have just said†¦ honestly?† â€Å"You have my word of honor as a soldier,† said the sergeant. â€Å"Good. Raych, give back the whip.-Now.-Don't make me wait.† Raych, his face twisted into an unhappy grimace, looked at Dors, who hesitated and then slowly nodded her head. Her face was as unhappy as Raych's. Raych held out the neuronic whip to the sergeant and said, â€Å"They're makin' me, ya big-† His last words were unintelligible. Seldon said, â€Å"Put away your knives, Dors.† Dors shook her head, but put them away. â€Å"Now, Sergeant?† said Seldon. The sergeant looked at the neuronic whip, then at Seldon. He said, â€Å"You are an honorable man, Dr. Seldon, and my word of honor holds.† With a military snap, he placed his neuronic whip in his holster. Seldon turned to Davan and said, â€Å"Davan, please forget what you have seen here. We three are going voluntarily with Sergeant Thalus. You tell Yugo Amaryl when you see him that I will not forget him and that, once this is over and I am free to act, I will see that he gets into a University. And if there's anything reasonable I can ever do for your cause, Davan, I will.-Now, Sergeant, let's go.† 83. â€Å"Have you ever been in an air-jet before, Raych?† asked Hari Seldon. Raych shook his head speechlessly. He was looking down at Upperside rushing beneath them with a mixture of fright and awe. It struck Seldon again how much Trantor was a world of Expressways and tunnels. Even long trips were made underground by the general population. Air travel, however common it might be on the Outworlds, was a luxury on Trantor and an air-jet like this- How had Hummin managed it? Seldon wondered. He looked out the window at the rise and fall of the domes, at the general green in this area of the planet, the occasional patches of what were little less than jungles, the arms of the sea they occasionally passed over, with its leaden waters taking on a sudden all-too-brief sparkle when the sun peeped out momentarily from the heavy cloud layer. An hour or so into the flight, Dors, who was viewing a new historical novel without much in the way of apparent enjoyment, clicked it off and said, â€Å"I wish I knew where we were going.† â€Å"If you can't tell,† said Seldon, â€Å"then I certainly can't. You've been on Trantor longer than I have.† â€Å"Yes, but only on the inside,† said Dors. â€Å"Out here, with only Upperside below me, I'm as lost as an unborn infant would be.† â€Å"Oh well.-Presumably, Hummin knows what he's doing.† â€Å"I'm sure he does,† replied Dors rather tartly, â€Å"but that may have nothing to do with the present situation. Why do you continue to assume any of this represents his initiative?† Seldon's eyebrows lifted. â€Å"Now that you ask, I don't know. I just assumed it. Why shouldn't this be his?† â€Å"Because whoever arranged it didn't specify that I be taken along with you. I simply don't see Hummin forgetting my existence. And because he didn't come himself, as he did at Streeling and at Mycogen.† â€Å"You can't always expect him to, Dors. He might well be occupied. The astonishing thing is not that he didn't come on this occasion but that he did come on the previous ones.† â€Å"Assuming he didn't come himself, would he send a conspicuous and lavish flying palace like this?† She gestured around her at the large luxurious jet. â€Å"It might simply have been available. And he might have reasoned that no one would expect something as noticeable as this to be carrying fugitives who were desperately trying to avoid detection. The well-known double-double-cross.† â€Å"Too well-known, in my opinion. And would he send an idiot like Sergeant Thalus in his place?† â€Å"The sergeant is no idiot. He's simply been trained to complete obedience. With proper instructions, he could be utterly reliable.† â€Å"There you are, Hari. We come back to that. Why didn't he get proper instructions? It's inconceivable to me that Chetter Hummin would tell him to carry you out of Dahl and not say a word about me. Inconceivable.† And to that Seldon had no answer and his spirits sank. Another hour passed and Dors said, â€Å"It looks as if it's getting colder outside. The green of Upperside is turning brown and I believe the heaters have turned on.† â€Å"What does that signify?† â€Å"Dahl is in the tropic zone so obviously we're going either north or south-and a considerable distance too. If I had some notion in which direction the nightline was I could tell which.† Eventually, they passed over a section of shoreline where there was a rim of ice hugging the domes where they were rimmed by the sea. And then, quite unexpectedly, the air-jet angled downward. Raych screamed, â€Å"We're goin' to hit! We're goin' to smash up!† Seldon's abdominal muscles tightened and he clutched the arms of his seat. Dors seemed unaffected. She said, â€Å"The pilots up front don't seem alarmed. We'll be tunneling.† And, as she said so, the jet's wings swept backward and under it and, like a bullet, the air-jet entered a tunnel. Blackness swept back over them in an instant and a moment later the lighting system in the tunnel turned on. The walls of the tunnel snaked past the jet on either side. â€Å"I don't suppose I'll ever be sure they know the tunnel isn't already occupied,† muttered Seldon. â€Å"I'm sure they had reassurance of a clear tunnel some dozens of kilometers earlier,† said Dors. â€Å"At any rate, I presume this is the last stage of the journey and soon we'll know where we are.† She paused and then added, â€Å"And I further presume we won't like the knowledge when we have it.† 84. The air-jet sped out of the tunnel and onto a long runway with a roof so high that it seemed closer to true daylight than anything Seldon had seen since he had left the Imperial Sector. They came to a halt in a shorter time than Seldon would have expected, but at the price of an uncomfortable pressure forward. Raych, in particular, was crushed against the seat before him and was finding it difficult to breathe till Dors's hand on his shoulder pulled him back slightly. Sergeant Thalus, impressive and erect, left the jet and moved to the rear, where he opened the door of the passenger compartment and helped the three out, one by one. Seldon was last. He half-turned as he passed the sergeant, saying, â€Å"It was a pleasant trip, Sergeant.† A slow smile spread over the sergeant's large face and lifted his mustachioed upper lip. He touched the visor of his cap in what was half a salute and said, â€Å"Thank you again, Doctor.† They were then ushered into the backseat of a ground-car of lavish design and the sergeant himself pushed into the front seat and drove the vehicle with a surprisingly light touch. They passed through wide roadways, flanked by tall, well-designed buildings, all glistening in broad daylight. As elsewhere on Trantor, they heard the distant drone of an Expressway. The walkways were crowded with what were, for the most part, well-dressed people. The surroundings were remarkably-almost excessively-clean. Seldon's sense of security sank further. Dors's misgivings concerning their destination now seemed justified after all. He leaned toward her and said, â€Å"Do you think we are back in the Imperial Sector?† She said, â€Å"No, the buildings are more rococo in the Imperial Sector and there's less Imperial parkishness to this sector-if you know what I mean.† â€Å"Then where are we, Dors? â€Å"We'll have to ask, I'm afraid, Hari.† It was not a long trip and soon they rolled into a car-bay that flanked an imposing four-story structure. A frieze of imaginary animals ran along the top, decorated with strips of warm pink stone. It was an impressive facade with a rather pleasing design. Seldon said, â€Å"That certainly looks rococo enough.† Dors shrugged uncertainly. Raych whistled and said in a failing attempt to sound unimpressed, â€Å"Hey, look at that fancy place.† Sergeant Thalus gestured to Seldon clearly indicating that he was to follow. Seldon hung back and, also relying on the universal language of gesture, held out both arms, clearly including Dors and Raych. The sergeant hesitated in a slightly hangdog fashion at the impressive pink doorway. His mustache almost seemed to droop. Then he said gruffly, â€Å"All three of you, then. My word of honor holds.-Still, others may not feel obligated by my own obligation, you know.† Seldon nodded. â€Å"I hold you responsible for your own deeds only, Sergeant.† The sergeant was clearly moved and, for a moment, his face lightened as though he was considering the possibility of shaking Seldon's hand or expressing heartfelt his approval in some other way. He decided against it, however, and stepped onto the bottom step of the flight that led to the door. The stairs immediately began a stately upward movement. Seldon and Dors stepped after him at once and kept their balance without much trouble. Raych, who was momentarily staggered in surprise, jumped onto the moving stairs after a short run, shoved both hands into his pockets, and whistled carelessly. The door opened and two women stepped out, one on either side in symmetrical fashion. They were young and attractive. Their dresses, belted tightly about the waist and reaching nearly to their ankles, fell in crisp pleats and rustled when they walked. Both had brown hair that was coiled in thick plaits on either side of their heads. (Seldon found it attractive, but wondered how long it took them each morning to arrange it just so. He had not been aware of so elaborate a coiffure on the women they had passed in the streets.) The two women stared at the newcomers with obvious contempt. Seldon was not surprised. After the day's events, he and Dors looked almost as disreputable as Raych. Yet the women managed to bow decorously and then made a half-turn and gestured inward in perfect unison and with symmetry carefully maintained. (Did they rehearse these things?) It was clear that the three were to enter. They stepped through an elaborate room, cluttered with furniture and decorative items whose use Seldon did not readily understand. The floor was light-colored, springy, and glowed with luminescence. Seldon noted with some embarrassment that their footwear left dusty marks upon it. And then an inner door was flung open and yet another woman emerged. She was distinctly older than the first two (who sank slowly as she came in, crossing their legs symmetrically as they did so in a way that made Seldon marvel that they could keep their balance; it undoubtedly took a deal of practice). Seldon wondered if he too was expected to display some ritualized form of respect, but since he hadn't the faintest notion of what this might consist of, he merely bowed his head slightly. Dors remained standing erect and, it seemed to Seldon, did so with disdain. Raych was staring open-mouthed in all directions and looked as though he didn't even see the woman who had just entered. She was plump-not fat, but comfortably padded. She wore her hair precisely as the young ladies did and her dress was in the same style, but much more richly ornamented-too much so to suit Seldon's aesthetic notions. She was clearly middle-aged and there was a hint of gray in her hair, but the dimples in he r cheeks gave her the appearance of having rather more than a dash of youth. Her light brown eyes were merry and on the whole she looked more motherly than old. She said, â€Å"How are you? All of you.† (She showed no surprise at the presence of Dors and Raych, but included them easily in her greeting.) â€Å"I've been waiting for you for some time and almost had you on Upperside at Streeling. You are Dr. Hari Seldon, whom I've been looking forward to meeting. You, I think, must be Dr. Dors Venabili, for you had been reported to be in his company. This young man I fear I do not know, but I am pleased to see him. But we must not spend our time talking, for I'm sure you would like to rest first.† â€Å"And bathe, Madam,† said Dors rather forcefully, â€Å"Each of us could use a thorough shower.† â€Å"Yes, certainly,† said the woman, â€Å"and a change in clothing. Especially the young man.† She looked down at Raych without any of the look of contempt and disapproval that the two young women had shown. She said, â€Å"What is your name, young man?† â€Å"Raych,† said Raych in a rather choked and embarrassed voice. He then added experimentally, â€Å"Missus.† â€Å"What an odd coincidence,† said the woman, her eyes sparkling. â€Å"An omen, perhaps. My own name is Rashelle. Isn't that odd?-But come. We shall take care of you all. Then there will be plenty of time to have dinner and to talk.† â€Å"Wait, Madam,† said Dors. â€Å"May I ask where we are?† â€Å"Wye, dear. And please call me Rashelle, as you come to feel more friendly. I am always at ease with informality.† Dors stiffened. â€Å"Are you surprised that we ask? Isn't it natural that we should want to know where we are?† Rashelle laughed in a pleasant, tinkling manner. â€Å"Really, Dr. Venabili, something must be done about the name of this place. I was not asking a question but making a statement. You asked where you were and I did not ask you why. I told you, ‘Wye.' You are in the Wye Sector.† â€Å"In Wye?† said Seldon forcibly. â€Å"Yes indeed, Dr. Seldon. We've wanted you from the day you addressed the Decennial Convention and we are so glad to have you now.† 85. Actually, it took a full day to rest and unstiffen, to wash and get clean, to obtain new clothes (satiny and rather loose, in the style of Wye), and to sleep a good deal. It was during the second evening in Wye that there was the dinner that Madam Rashelle had promised. The table was a large one-too large, considering that there were only four dining: Hari Seldon, Dors Venabili, Raych, and Rashelle. The walls and ceiling were softly illuminated and the colors changed at a rate that caught the eye but not so rapidly as in any way to discommode the mind. The very tablecloth, which was not cloth (Seldon had not made up his mind what it might be), seemed to sparkle. The servers were many and silent and when the door opened it seemed to Seldon that he caught a glimpse of soldiers, armed and at the ready, outside. The room was a velvet glove, but the iron fist was not far distant. Rashelle was gracious and friendly and had clearly taken a particular liking to Raych, who, she insisted, was to sit next to her. Raych-scrubbed, polished, and shining, all but unrecognizable in his new clothes, with his hair clipped, cleaned, and brushed-scarcely dared to say a word. It was as though he felt his grammar no longer fit his appearance. He was pitifully ill at ease and he watched Dors carefully as she switched from utensil to utensil, trying to match her exactly in every respect. The food was tasty but spicy-to the point where Seldon could not recognize the exact nature of the dishes. Rashelle, her plump face made happy by her gentle smile and her fine teeth gleaming white, said, â€Å"You may think we have Mycogenian additives in the food, but we do not. It is all homegrown in Wye. There is no sector on the planet more self-sufficient than Wye. We labor hard to keep that so.† Seldon nodded gravely and said, â€Å"Everything you have given us is first-rate, Rashelle. We are much obliged to you.† And yet within himself he thought the food was not quite up to Mycogenian standards and he felt moreover, as he had earlier muttered to Dors, that he was celebrating his own defeat. Or Hummin's defeat, at any rate, and that seemed to him to be the same thing. After all, he had been captured by Wye, the very possibility that had so concerned Hummin at the time of the incident Upperside. Rashelle said, â€Å"Perhaps, in my role as hostess, I may be forgiven if I ask personal questions. Am I correct in assuming that you three do not represent a family; that you, Hari, and you, Dors, are not married and that Raych is not your son?† â€Å"The three of us are not related in any way,† said Seldon. â€Å"Raych was born on Trantor, I on Helicon, Dors on Cinna.† â€Å"And how did you all meet, then?† Seldon explained briefly and with as little detail as he could manage. â€Å"There's nothing romantic or significant in the meetings,† he added. â€Å"Yet I am given to understand that you raised difficulties with my personal aide, Sergeant Thalus, when he wanted to take only you out of Dahl.† Seldon said gravely, â€Å"I had grown fond of Dors and Raych and did not wish to be separated from them.† Rashelle smiled and said, â€Å"You are a sentimental man, I see.† â€Å"Yes, I am. Sentimental. And puzzled too.† â€Å"Puzzled?† â€Å"Why yes. And since you were so kind as to ask personal questions of us, may I ask one as well?† â€Å"Of course, my dear Hari. Ask anything you please.† â€Å"When we first arrived, you said that Wye has wanted me from the day I addressed the Decennial Convention. For what reason might that be?† â€Å"Surely, you are not so simple as not to know. We want you for your psychohistory.† â€Å"That much I do understand. But what makes you think that having me means you have psychohistory?† â€Å"Surely, you have not been so careless as to lose it.† â€Å"Worse, Rashelle. I have never had it.† Rashelle's face dimpled. â€Å"But you said you had it in your talk. Not that I understood your talk. I am not a mathematician. I hate numbers. But I have in my employ mathematicians who have explained to me what it is you said.† â€Å"In that case, my dear Rashelle, you must listen more closely. I can well imagine they have told you that I have proven that psychohistorical predictions are conceivable, but surely they must also have told you that they are not practical.† â€Å"I can't believe that, Hari. The very next day, you were called into an audience with that pseudo-Emperor, Cleon.† â€Å"The pseudo-Emperor?† murmured Dors ironically. â€Å"Why yes,† said Rashelle as though she was answering a serious question. â€Å"Pseudo-Emperor. He has no true claim to the throne.† â€Å"Rashelle,† said Seldon, brushing that aside a bit impatiently, â€Å"I told Cleon exactly what I have just told you and he let me go.† Now Rashelle did nor smile. A small edge crept into her voice. â€Å"Yes, he let you go the way the cat in the fable lets a mouse go. He has been pursuing you ever since-in Streeling, in Mycogen, in Dahl. He would pursue you here if he dared. But come now-our serious talk is too serious. Let us enjoy ourselves. Let us have music.† And at her words, there suddenly sounded a soft but joyous instrumental melody. She leaned toward Raych and said softly, â€Å"My boy, if you are not at ease with the fork, use your spoon or your fingers. I won't mind.† Raych said, â€Å"Yes, mum,† and swallowed hard, but Dors caught his eye and her lips silently mouthed: â€Å"Fork.† He remained with his fork. Dors said, â€Å"The music is lovely, Madam†-she pointedly rejected the familiar form of address â€Å"but it must not he allowed to distract us. There is the thought in my mind that the pursuer in all those places might have been in the employ of the Wye Sector. Surely, you would not be so well acquainted with events if Wye were not the prime mover.† Rashelle laughed aloud. â€Å"Wye has its eyes and ears everywhere, of course, but we were not the pursuers. Had we been, you would have been picked up without fail-as you were in Dahl finally when, indeed, we were the pursuers. When, however, there is a pursuit that fails, a grasping hand that misses, you may be sure that it is Demerzel.† â€Å"Do you think so little of Demerzel?† murmured Dors. â€Å"Yes. Does that surprise you? We have beaten him.† â€Å"You? Or the Wye Sector?† â€Å"The sector, of course, but insofar as Wye is the victor, then I am the victor.† â€Å"How strange,† said Dors. â€Å"There seems to be a prevalent opinion throughout Trantor that the inhabitants of Wye have nothing to do with victory, with defeat, or with anything else. It is felt that there is but one will and one fist in Wye and that is that of the Mayor. Surely, you-or any other Wyan-weigh nothing in comparison.† Rashelle smiled broadly. She paused to look at Raych benevolently and to pinch his cheek, then said, â€Å"If you believe that our Mayor is an autocrat and that there is but one will that sways Wye, then perhaps you are right. But, even so, I can still use the personal pronoun, for my will is of account.† â€Å"Why yours?† said Seldon. â€Å"Why not?† said Rashelle as the servers began clearing the table. â€Å"I am the Mayor of Wye.† 86. It was Raych who was the first to react to the statement. Quite forgetting the cloak of civility that sat upon him so uncomfortably, he laughed raucously and said, â€Å"Hey, lady, ya can't be Mayor. Mayors is guys.† Rashelle looked at him good-naturedly and said in a perfect imitation of his tone of voice, â€Å"Hey, kid, some Mayors is guys and some Mayors is dames. Put that under your lid and let it bubble.† Raych's eyes protruded and he seemed stunned. Finally he managed to say, â€Å"Hey, ya talk regular, lady.† â€Å"Sure thing. Regular as ya want,† said Rashelle, still smiling. Seldon cleared his throat and said, â€Å"That's quite an accent you have, Rashelle.† Rashelle tossed her head slightly. â€Å"I haven't had occasion to use it in many years, but one never forgets. I once had a friend, a good friend, who was a Dahlite-when I was very young.† She sighed. â€Å"He didn't speak that way, of course-he was quite intelligent-but he could do so if he wished and he taught me. It was exciting to talk so with him. It created a world that excluded our surroundings. It was wonderful. It was also impossible. My father made that plain. And now along comes this young rascal, Raych, to remind me of those long-ago days. He has the accent, the eyes, the impudent cast of countenance, and in six years or so he will be a delight and terror to the young women. Won't you, Raych?† Raych said, â€Å"I dunno, lady-uh, mum.† â€Å"I'm sure you will and you will come to look very much like my†¦ old friend and it will be much more comfortable for me not to see you then. And now, dinner's over and it's time for you to go to your room, Raych. You can watch holovision for a while if you wish. I don't suppose you read.† Raych reddened. â€Å"I'm gonna read someday. Master Seldon says I'm gonna.† â€Å"Then I'm sure you will.† A young woman approached Raych, curtsying respectfully in Rashelle's direction. Seldon had not seen the signal that had summoned her. Raych said, â€Å"Can't I stay with Master Seldon and Missus Venabili?† â€Å"You'll see them later,† said Rashelle gently, â€Å"but Master and Missus and I have to talk right now-so you must go.† Dors mouthed a firm â€Å"Go!† at Raych and with a grimace the boy slid out of his chair and followed the attendant. Rashelle turned to Seldon and Dors once Raych was gone and said, â€Å"The boy will be safe, of course, and treated well. Please have no fears about that. And I will be safe too. As my woman approached just now, so will a dozen armed men-and much more rapidly-when summoned. I want you to understand that.† Seldon said evenly, â€Å"We are in no way thinking of attacking you, Rashelle-or must I now say, ‘Madam Mayor'?† â€Å"Still Rashelle. I am given to understand that you are a wrestler of sorts, Hari, and you, Dors, are very skillful with the knives we have removed from your room. I don't want you to rely uselessly on your skills, since I want Hari alive, unharmed, and friendly.† â€Å"It is quite well understood, Madam Mayor,† said Dors, her lack of friendship uncompromised, â€Å"that the ruler of Wye, now and for the past forty years, is Mannix, Fourth of that Name, and that he is still alive and in full possession of his faculties. Who, then, are you really?† â€Å"Exactly who I say I am, Dors. Mannix IV is my father. He is, as you say, still alive and in possession of his faculties. In the eyes of the Emperor and of all the Empire, he is Mayor of Wye, but he is weary of the strains of power and is willing, at last, to let them slip into my hands, which are just as willing to receive them. I am his only child and I was brought up all my life to rule. My father is therefore Mayor in law and name, but I am Mayor in fact. It is to me, now, that the armed forces of Wye have sworn allegiance and in Wye that is all that counts.† Seldon nodded. â€Å"Let it be as you say. But even so, whether it is Mayor Mannix IV or Mayor Rashelle I-it is the First, I suppose-there is no purpose in your holding me. I have told you that I don't have a workable psychohistory and I do not think that either I or anyone else will ever have one. I have told that to the Emperor. I am of no use either to you or to him.† Rashelle said, â€Å"How naive you are. Do you know the history of the Empire?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"I have recently come to wish that I knew it much better.† Dors said dryly, â€Å"I know Imperial history quite well, though the pre-Imperial age is my specialty, Madam Mayor. But what does it matter whether we do or do not?† â€Å"If you know your history, you know that the House of Wye is ancient and honorable and is descended from the Dacian dynasty.† Dors said, â€Å"The Dacians ruled five thousand years ago. The number of their descendants in the hundred and fifty generations that have lived and died since then may number half the population of the Galaxy-if all genealogical claims, however outrageous, are accepted.† â€Å"Our genealogical claims, Dr. Venabili†-Rashelle's tone of voice was, for the first time, cold and unfriendly and her eyes flashed like steel-â€Å"are not outrageous. They are fully documented. The House of Wye has maintained itself consistently in positions of power through all those generations and there have been occasions when we have held the Imperial throne and have ruled as Emperors.† â€Å"The history book-films,† said Dors, â€Å"usually refer to the Wye rulers as ‘anti-Emperors,' never recognized by the bulk of the Empire.† â€Å"It depends on who writes the history book-films. In the future, we will, for the throne which has been ours will be ours again.† â€Å"To accomplish that, you must bring about civil war.† â€Å"There won't be much risk of that,† said Rashelle. She was smiling again. â€Å"That is what I must explain to you because I want Dr. Seldon's help in preventing such a catastrophe. My father, Mannix IV, has been a man of peace all his life. He has been loyal to whomever it might be that ruled in the Imperial Palace and he has kept Wye a prosperous and strong pillar of the Trantorian economy for the good of all the Empire.† â€Å"I don't know that the Emperor has ever trusted him any the more for all that,† said Dors. â€Å"I'm sure that is so,† said Rashelle calmly, â€Å"for the Emperors that have occupied the Palace in my father's time have known themselves to be usurpers of a usurping line. Usurpers cannot afford to trust the true rulers. And yet my father has kept the peace. He has, of course, developed and trained a magnificent security force to maintain the peace, prosperity, and stability of the sector and the Imperial authorities have allowed this because they wanted Wye peaceful, prosperous, stable-and loyal.† â€Å"But is it loyal?† said Dors. â€Å"To the true Emperor, of course,† said Rashelle, â€Å"and we have now reached the stage where our strength is such that we can take over the government quickly-in a lightning stroke, in fact-and before one can say ‘civil war' there will be a true Emperor-or Empress, if you prefer-and Trantor will be as peaceful as before.† Dors shook her head. â€Å"May I enlighten you? As a historian?† â€Å"I am always willing to listen.† And she inclined her head ever so slightly toward Dors. â€Å"Whatever size your security force may be, however well-trained and well-equipped, they cannot possibly equal in size and strength the Imperial forces backed by twenty-five million worlds.† â€Å"Ah, but you have put your finger on the usurper's weakness, Dr. Venabili. There are twenty-five million worlds, with the Imperial forces scattered over them. Those forces are thinned out over incalculable space, under uncounted officers, none of them particularly ready for any action outside their own Provinces, many ready for action in their own interest rather than in the Empire's. Our forces, on the other hand, are all here, all on Trantor. We can act and conclude before the distant generals and admirals can get it through their heads that they are needed.† â€Å"But that response will come-and with irresistible force.† â€Å"Are you certain of that?† said Rashelle. â€Å"We will be in the Palace. Trantor will be ours and at peace. Why should the Imperial forces stir when, by minding their own business, each petty military leader can have his own world to rule, his own Province?† â€Å"But is that what you want?† asked Seldon wonderingly. â€Å"Are you telling me that you look forward to ruling over an Empire that will break up into splinters?† Rashelle said, â€Å"That is exactly right. I would rule over Trantor, over its outlying space settlements, over the few nearby planetary systems that are part of the Trantorian Province. I would much rather be Emperor of Trantor than Emperor of the Galaxy.† â€Å"You would be satisfied with Trantor only,† said Dors in tones of the deepest disbelief. â€Å"Why not?† said Rashelle, suddenly ablaze. She leaned forward eagerly, both hands pressed palms-down on the table. â€Å"That is what my father has been planning for forty years. He is only clinging to life now to witness its fulfillment. Why do we need millions of worlds, distant worlds that mean nothing to us, that weaken us, that draw our forces far away from us into meaningless cubic parsecs of space, that drown us in administrative chaos, that ruin us with their endless quarrels and problems when they are all distant nothings as far as we are concerned? Our own populous world-our own planetary city-is Galaxy enough for us. We have all we need to support ourselves. As for the rest of the Galaxy, let it splinter. Every petty militarist can have his own splinter. They needn't fight. There will be enough for all.† â€Å"But they will fight, just the same,† said Dors. â€Å"Each will refuse to be satisfied with his Province. Each will feel that his neighbor is not satisfied with his Province. Each will feel insecure and will dream of Galactic rule as the only guarantee of safety. This is certain, Madam Empress of Nothing. There will be endless wars into which you and Trantor will be inevitably drawn-to the ruin of all.† Rashelle said with clear contempt, â€Å"So it might seem, if one could see no farther than you do, if one relied on the ordinary lessons of history.† â€Å"What is there to see farther?† retorted Dors. â€Å"What is one to rely on beyond the lessons of history?† â€Å"What lies beyond?† said Rashelle. â€Å"Why, he.† And her arm shot outward, her index finger jabbing toward Seldon. â€Å"Me?† said Seldon. â€Å"I have already told you that psychohistory-â€Å" Rashelle said, â€Å"Do not repeat what you have already said, my good Dr. Seldon. We gain nothing by that.-Do you think, Dr. Venabili, that my father was never aware of the danger of endless civil war? Do you think he did not bend his powerful mind to thinking of some way to prevent that? He has been prepared at any time these last ten years to take over the Empire in a day. It needed only the assurance of security beyond victory.† â€Å"Which you can't have,† said Dors. â€Å"Which we had the moment we heard of Dr. Seldon's paper at the Decennial Convention. I saw at once that that was what we needed. My father was too old to see the significance at once. When I explained it, however, he saw it too and it was then that he formally transferred his power to me. So it is to you, Hari, that I owe my position and to you I will owe my greater position in the future.† â€Å"I keep telling you that it cannot-† began Seldon with deep annoyance. â€Å"It is not important what can or cannot be done. What is important is what people will or will not believe can be done. They will believe you, Hari, when you tell them the psychohistoric prediction is that Trantor can rule itself and that the Provinces can become Kingdoms that will live together in peace.† â€Å"I will make no such prediction,† said Seldon, â€Å"in the absence of true psychohistory. I won't play the charlatan. If you want something like that, you say it.† â€Å"Now, Hari. They won't believe me. It's you they will believe. The great mathematician. Why not oblige them?† â€Å"As it happens,† said Seldon â€Å"the Emperor also thought to use me as a source of self-serving prophecies. I refused to do it for him, so do you think I will agree to do it for you?† Rashelle was silent for a while and when she spoke again her voice had lost its intense excitement and became almost coaxing. â€Å"Hari,† she said, â€Å"think a little of the difference between Cleon and myself. What Cleon undoubtedly wanted from you was propaganda to preserve his throne. It would be useless to give him that, for the throne can't be preserved. Don't you know that the Galactic Empire is in a state of decay, that it cannot endure for much longer? Trantor itself is slowly sliding into ruin because of the ever-increasing weight of administering twenty-five million worlds. What's ahead of us is breakup and civil war, no matter what you do for Cleon.† Seldon said, â€Å"I have heard something like this said. It may even be true, but what then?† â€Å"Well then, help it break into fragments without any war. Help me take Trantor. Help me establish a firm government over a realm small enough to be ruled efficiently. Let me give freedom to the rest of the Galaxy, each portion to go its own way according to its own customs and cultures. The Galaxy will become a working whole again through the free agencies of trade, tourism, and communication and the fate of cracking into disaster under the present rule of force that barely holds it together will be averted. My ambition is moderate indeed; one world, not millions; peace, not war; freedom, not slavery. Think about it and help me.† Seldon said, â€Å"Why should the Galaxy believe me any more than they would believe you? They don't know me and which of our fleet commanders will be impressed by the mere word ‘psychohistory'?† â€Å"You won't be believed now, but I don't ask for action now. The House of Wye, having waited thousands of years, can wait thousands of days more. Cooperate with me and I will make your name famous. I will make the promise of psychohistory glow through all the worlds and at the proper time, when I judge the movement to be the chosen moment, you will pronounce your prediction and we will strike. Then, in a twinkling of history, the Galaxy will exist under a New Order that will render it stable and happy for eons. Come now, Hari, can you refuse me?†

Tranquility of a Cemetery

As we come in to a cemetery, we might be filled with fears or have some sort of dreadful feeling. Our first impression may be of dark cold nights and ended lives. What is a scary and dreadful place for some people; it is a very meaningful place for me. This place is so meaningful to me because my father is buried there. Cemeteries are important to bringing perspective and serenity, because they bring us a connection to where we came from, it helps us realize the tenderness of life, and they help us to relax a little bit through their calmness. I have had so many things impact my life and they all seem to end up in the same place. Cemeteries are not the dreaded and scary things of superstitions. They are holding places for memories and faith. The memories I hold from Bellevue memorial park are not from within the place itself but from the people it holds. It helped me realize the delicacy of life by taking many people I loved before I expected them to go. My father is buried in my most meaningful place; my grandma and one of my uncles are there too. The day we buried my dad it was a beautiful day outsides, it was nice and sunny although it looked like it was going to rain. As I entered the cemetery I saw tombstones piled up from left to right and right to left , there’s was people buries in every direction. On one corner there are tombstones dated as far back as the 1800’s, those are the oldest tombs. Then there’s a section as you are coming in to the cemetery, called the mausoleum. As you go in there it’s very quiet, but the smell of the mausoleum is the same smell of a rotting piece of meat. As you approach to the middle section of the cemetery there is the baby section. This section is always filled with balloons flowers and all kinds of decorations, for their birthdays or special occasions. This is the saddest section of the whole cemetery because you always see at least 1 mother crying to their dead child. In the older sections of the cemetery there where caskets coming out the ground, you could see that since they have been there too long the dirt has pushed them out. I walked around the whole cemetery and I felt sad for all f these people that have lost their lives in accidents, crimes, or just health problems. I kind of felt like I was in fear of losing my life too, because I was surrounded by death. As we approached to the section where my father was going to be buried, it smelled like fresh flowers and plants, but if u smelled deep enough there was a humid smell in the air of the rotting corpses underneath the ground I was stepping on. I’ve been at this ce metery three times and as close as I can remember it felt the same. I felt scared, anxious; my heart beat was accelerating as we were getting closer to putting my loved ones underground. The grass was green and freshly cut; it seemed as if they had just cut it for this occasion. Every time I go to the cemetery I’m not scared anymore I feel peaceful, when you go there you get relaxed because it’s very quiet, there is no sound in sight all u can hear is the static in your ears. Also it’s hard to explain the emotions you get as you enter a cemetery; you feel sad, scared, anxious lots of mixed emotions. One thing I remember the most is the feeling of knowing that once my dad was going underground I was never going to see him again all I was left with was his memory and his tomb.

ARTICLE REVIEW Feminism and the role of gender politics in Literature

ARTICLE Feminism and the role of gender politics in International relations - Literature review Example Issues between feminist and experts in international relations cannot be reconciled; the reasons could be that feminists and scholars of international relations are working on different realities and knowledge perspectives. Tickner states that silence occurs between feminists and IR women scholars because of their drawing on different realities and using dissimilar epistemologies. Some IR scholars refer to gender as â€Å"a category of analysis†. Gender differences must be appropriately understood with more constructive dialogues on both sides. In bridging the gap between feminist and IR scholars, Tickner focused on feminist answers to questions and ideas from ordinary IR scholars. Identified were three types of misunderstandings on the debate between feminists and IR scholars: 1) the misunderstandings about what gender means in personal conversations and actions; 2) the various realities or nature of things as expressed by feminists and non-feminists when they talk about inte rnational politics, considering that feminists also do not talk about the same subject matter of IR; and 3) the epistemological gap about the question that feminists do not deal with theory. Claims of gender neutrality in language are filled with masculinist assumptions. Feminists provide the meaning of gender with socially and culturally constructed words like â€Å"power, autonomy, rationality, and public,† words which belong to the masculine world. These words have opposites (weakness, dependence, emotion, and private) which refer to the feminine gender. Masculine characteristics are designated with positive values, and both masculinity and femininity are interrelated: to be called â€Å"a man† one must not exhibit â€Å"womanly† weaknesses. Martin Wight (1995 as cited in Tickner 1997) lamented the lack of international theories about Western philosophies because the international system was characterized with less intellectual and moral aspects. Wightâ€℠¢s thoughts had some significance in that feminists had problems with theories when referring to the international subject. Realist and feminist theories could not reconcile. IR scholars comforted with the Kantian tradition that promoted a healthy debate on social relations and not on anarchy. Linklater (1982 as cited in Tickner, 1997, p. 5) supported the concept that citizens should cooperate with other states to develop â€Å"free lives.† IR scholars posit that Kant’s philosophy on women depends on time which can easily be countered in a gender-sensitive world. Feminists believe that the Western philosophy is embedded with masculine traditions that cannot be depended upon in creating a gender-sensitive IR. Tickner concluded that feminists and IR scholars have never reached a point of agreement; instead, their conversations have always been misunderstandings about ideas and theories on feminism and international relations. Some of the reasons for their misunderstandin gs are the use of ontologies and epistemologies, but also on power differences. IR scholars do not know full well feminist approaches. Both sides have to settle their differences by means of constant dialoguing and understanding of the problems. However, feminists and constructivists can share the same ontology, although there are some differences. IR feminists see that gender and power should go together in the

An Analysis of the History and Development of Hip Hop Dancing (from Research Paper

An Analysis of the History and Development of Hip Hop Dancing (from late 1960's-1970s) - Research Paper Example The dances majorly consisted of the break dance, rapping and funk styles including locking and popping. It was initiated by African Americans. In fact, the word â€Å"hip† was used by the African Americans way before the evolution of the music and dance. It was performed along the streets, and there were well known promoters of the dance. In giving the whole picture a better view, it involved a lot of creativity that was accompanied by listening to the hip hop music. The manner in which it was carried out in most cases involved getting serious about the dancing which was rather hard to do. At the end of sufficient training, one got ready to enter the circle of performance and do lots of footwork including creating witty things and returning to the outside of the circle. This research also brings it clearly that the development of this dance was in an underground form that had lots of social significance. It, however, was not much appreciated by the outsiders until the media br ought it to the surface. In facilitating this, there was a need for other elements such as mcing, djing driven by the urban culture. Brake dancing was the most known aspect of the dance and was known as b-boying. Introduction Hip hop dance appeared in the United States. It was majorly done by the black Americans and some Latin Americans. It is a fact that the dance was not highly recognized by most people until the media machinery started highlighting it. Among these dances, there was the locking which was begun back in the 1970s. This was associated by Don Campbellock from Los Angels. He attempted to perform and learn how to dance in parties and more specifically, he did the â€Å"funky chicken† at this point in time. B-boying dance was another dancing style of hip hop that featured in these times. More precisely, it took place in 1972 in block parties. There was also the up rocking in the New York streets in the 1960s. This was followed by top rocking. Another style that re quired lots of techniques was the ground rocking. There was no basic training on the dance during these times, but individuals who had instincts for natural movement brought it to the streets. Break dancing was also well known among the dancers who performed it. A majority of the promoters of the dance was known, and most of them were good at the performance. In the early times, that is, 1960s to 1970s, the dance there were competitions held mostly along the streets. Many dances established their names as some of the most well known hip hop dancers across east cost and west cost. Movies that highlighted these dancing styles also promoted the dance and new moves. Theoretical perspective It is assumed that hip-hop is an African dance that developed in the States. This, however, is a misconception baring the fact that its origin also encompasses of Latina Americans. It may also be thought that the dancing style is only associated with the young generation and that it must have begun in the recent past. This research finding nullifies this thinking and gives a clear understanding of the places and year of origin of it. The publication sectors play a big role in ensuring the appreciation of any innovations in the music industry at large. Dance is the most benefited art in this field, especially in the audiovisual means of publication. Hop has always been associated with the ghettos in the United States; this is not a misdirected understanding as its origin, on a wide view, lies there. There are common figures that were associated with t

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Fashion retail concepts of the future - Essay Example The essay "Fashion retail concepts of the future" analyzes Fashion retail. In future fashion retail, there will be considerable use of online systems. A website legitimizes the existence of a business. E-commerce performs a physical role in enabling convenient access of products across distant areas. More fashion stores may face the pressure of opening their online versions to facilitate convenience of shopping among customers. In supply chain management, technology will be crucial in enabling efficiency. RFID technology helps track the movement of clothes in the distribution chain. This is possible though the use of tags that help track products from the manufacturing phase to the purchase stage. Fashion is ushering in an age of interactive shopping. Interactive experience means that a client takes charge of one’s shopping time. This involves the use of sensory simulation in testing products before purchase. For instance, the Burberry store in central London avoids the idea o f direct purchases. The store has simulated the website experience in its physical store on Regent Street. A customer, therefore, makes one’s purchases from the sofa while using a swipe machine. Clothing in the store has chips and identification technology that makes it possible for customer to witness images of clothes in catwalk. Mobile applications will be a key feature in fashion retail. Major brands such as SalesGossip, Burberry, Forever21, Shopstyle, and Tommy Hilfiger are investing in various applications.

Child develpoment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child develpoment - Essay Example In this context, child development is, therefore, not so much about teaching voluminous chunks of knowledge during the formative years or the so-called foundational stage. Rather, child development is about the methodical approach or the â€Å"how† in which such knowledge is taught to very young children to guide them through their natural and inherent development. This paper discusses four of the primary theories of child development as building blocks of developmentally appropriate knowledge based on the exposition of Swim (2008) in one of this week’s readings. Biological maturation theory This theory was proposed mainly by Gesell during the 1940s to describe a systematic manifestation of the physical and psychological development generally expected among children from the perspective that all children experience the same phases of development grounded on the natural maturation of their brain and body. The theory disregards influences from culture or individual differ ences (Levine and Munsch, 2011). As a child educator / paraprofessional, I do find enough utility in this theory because I observed that it places more weight on maturation rather than on learning. This observation was corroborated by Danielson (2007) whose main criticism of the biological maturation theory was that there is â€Å"too much emphasis on maturation and not enough on learning† (para. 41) Behaviorist theory The behaviorist theory focuses on what may be directly observed in the absence of a precise method of knowing what happens in an individual’s mind. Butts and Rich (2011) outlined that stimulus conditions both in the environment and the person’s behavior, as well as responses to such conditions are the only variables which can be observed in any learning situation. Additionally, Swim (2008) reported that this theory molds learning with the provision of rewards and punishment. Unlike the biological maturation theory, there are apparent uses of the b ehaviorist theory in teaching young children. It may be recalled that behaviorism supports the position â€Å"what is learned can be unlearned by modifying stimulus conditions in the environment or changing the response to stimuli† (Butts & Rich, 2011, p. 206). This area of behaviorism will be very helpful in teaching young children in breaking bad habits developed during their earlier years. However, I do not believe that banking on behaviorism alone will significantly facilitate the development of appropriate practice in child development. From experience, the behaviorist system of rewards and punishment does not leave any room for abstract thinking since it is categorized under the passive mode. Consequently, even if recent development in this area now classifies behaviorism in education as a reactive approach as indicated in Duczeminski (2009), learning still tends to be forced-fed to children rather than the children being given leeway to understand knowledge by the expl anations they retrieve from their interaction with the environment or from their own observation. My opinion is that proactive is best for children in the knowledge society. Cognitive development theory Under this model of child development, learning is centered on â€Å"perceptions, thinking, reasoning, memory, development changes, and processing of information that transpires within the learner† (as cited in Butts & Rich, 2011, p. 213). Swim (2008) describes this learning approach as one in which

Management Practice of the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Management Practice of the 21st Century - Essay Example decentralized command-and-control, and so forth. (Manager2006) To some extent they have experience managerial behaviour in different tastes and concerns. For example in business concerns sales: Today do we deploy the same patterns of selling behaviour as it was some decades ago Does that pattern is aligned by product, geography, or industry Does technology have some impact in the marketing of that product Many twenty-plus year sales veterans recall that they have witnessed all three models implemented within the same firm, seen them come, and go, and come back. However, managers, and especially senior executives, are increasingly learning that relying solely on memory of past experiences to make decisions is also problematic. If an industry or market is changing, prior experience and personal memory may be outdated, irrelevant to the new circumstance. An incorrect lesson can also be drawn from prior experience. Coca-Cola's senior management appeared quite affected by this when they decided to retire the firm's premier product the Coca-Cola drin k and replace it with a new variant. The results were disastrous and the firm had to bring back its main product, now called Coca-Cola Classic. The episode has gone down in business history as a classic misjudgement. Smart people just drew the wrong lessons from past events. That is why the rigors of knowledge management and analysis of market conditions must exist side-by-side with personal expertise and experience. (Manager2006) According to Winchester John, organizations that adopt e-business practices make use of electronic networks to transform their processes and exchange value, including money, goods and services. The model for these new kinds of companies has evolved from websites through e-commerce and e-channels to an all-pervasive use of electronic means to interact, collaborate and transact business. The significant investment that is being made by enterprises in this sector is accelerating the pace at which transactions and information can be moved across the world's communications networks and in turn is transforming more customers into e-consumers. In addition to the development of the market itself, advances in technology are enabling these solutions to perform more business functions and services than ever before. (Winchester, 2006) Managing Supply Chain 21st century business environmentis defined byrapid change on a global scale, in terms

Reflection Groups in Geometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Reflection Groups in Geometry - Essay Example A reflection group is a distinct group produced by multiple reflections of a finite-dimensional (Euclidean) space. Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras and symmetry groups of regular polytypes are examples of finite reflection groups while infinite groups comprise the Weyl groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras and the triangle groups similar to ordinary tessellations of the hyperbolic plane and Euclidean plane. With regard to symmetry, discrete isometry groups of broad Riemannian manifolds that are formed by reflections are grouped into classes leading to hyperbolic reflection groups (corresponding to hyperbolic space), affine (corresponding to Euclidean space) and finite reflection groups (then-sphere). Coxeter groups are reflection groups that are finitely generated. Unlike reflection groups, Coxeter groups are abstract groups that have a certain structure generated by reflections. An investigation of the topology and geometry of reflection groups will help us comp rehend the theoretic properties of the group. The concept of reflection in a Euclidean space and the hypothesis of discrete groups of motions resulting from reflections has its origin in the study of space polyhedral and plane regular polygons that goes back to early mathematics. In the present day, reflection groups are common in many areas of mathematical research, and geometers encounter them as special convex polytopes or discrete groups of isometries of Riemannian spaces with even curvature. On the other hand, an algebraist encounters reflection groups in group theory, particularly in the representation theory, Coxeter groups and invariant theory. Other areas of mathematics where they may be encountered include the theory of arrangements of hyperplanes, a theory of combinations and permutation, a theory of modular forms and quadratic forms, low-dimensional topology, singularity theory, and the theory of hyperbolic real and complex manifolds (Yau 1986).  Ã‚  

Persuasive speech about why iIllegal immigrants should not be given or Presentation

Persuasive about why iIllegal immigrants should not be given free health care - Speech or Presentation Example Also an unauthorized migrant might be one who violates the set terms of a legal entry. In 2008 it was estimated that the population of illegal immigrants in the US was approximately 11 million, which was said to be a drop from 12.5 million recorded in 2007 (Bogen 12). Bogen further points out that Mexican immigrant take the highest percentage (56%) out the total immigrants’ population. Studies reveal that majority of the current immigrant are well educated, many of them having at least a college degree. However, in general, the US population is better educated than that of the immigrants. Since 1990s, legal migrants continued to be outpaced in number by the illegal immigrants who are increasingly occupying various areas around the country. Most of the families in the US estimated to be 13.9 million individuals have at least one spouse, who is an illegal immigrant and most of them settle in areas characterized by large immigrants’ population (Beasley 32). He observes tha t unauthorized contemporary migrants comprise of about 44% of the total population of us. Majority of them settle in Florida, Texas, California, New Jersey, Illinois and Pennsylvania with California harboring the highest population of approximately 2.93 million illegal migrants.

Focus on the learner Essay Example for Free

Focus on the learner Essay A. Learner’s profile Virginia is a 29-year old native Spanish speaker born in Madrid. She is currently studying a professional training course and works as an animal caretaker. She is one of the A2 or Elementary proficiency level students of the Celta Teacher Training Program at International house Language School. She took part of the same program two years ago, but she didn’t continue studying English afterwards. Virginia studied English in primary and secondary school following a traditional teaching method, which used grammar as the starting point and foundation, for the development of all language skills — speaking, listening, writing, and reading, however there was relatively little focus on speaking and listening. As reported by Virginia, she was exposed to explicit information about the structure of the language and to rules that she had to internalize through repetitions and direct translation with little or no opportunity of participating in activities that encourage meaningful communication. This situation hindered the development of her speaking skills, and made her fail in her attempts to attain the necessary fluency and confidence to successfully communicate in English during her trips abroad. Knowledge of grammar without meaningful practice of the language is ineffective, as Jim Scrivener says: â€Å"There is no point knowing a lot about language if you can’t use it (which sadly, has been the experience of many language learners in the past – able to conjugate a verb, but unable to respond to a simple question)† (Scrivener, 2005; 146) As a result of the different frustrating situations she had to face when trying to make herself understand in foreign countries, and due to her love for travelling, she developed an intrinsic motivation to study English. She thinks English is a lingua franca that opens doors to other cultures, on the contrary, she doesn’t have any extrinsic motivation as she doesn’t need to speak English for any other purposes than socializing and travelling. She is a participative student who has never missed a class. Her favorite  activities are the ones that foster speaking skills, especially role-plays or discussions in groups, because they give her the opportunity to interact with her classmates and communicate in real time about real or similar to real life situations. Virginia’s learning style is visual; a technique she uses in order to spell words is seeing the words in her head and she can better understand and remember explanations by writing them down or looking at pictures and diagrams She claims that one of her strengths is her knowledge of grammar rules associated with verbs conjugation; specifically the use of simple present and present continuous and adds that writing is the easiest among the four language skills, because writing tasks provide enough time to brainstorm and choose the correct language to express her ideas. Among her weaknesses she mentioned her lack of fluency, because she has not time to think on the grammar rules when she speaks, especially when talking about a past event, as she hardly ever knows whether the verb she wants to use is regular or irregular. B. Language problems and Solutions Analyzing Victoria’s output in class I could notice that she has two evident language problems; one of them is the use of simple past of irregular verbs, and the other one is the differentiation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I find these problems in the grammar and pronunciation areas very interesting to analyze, because both of them are very common in Spanish native speakers learning ESL, therefore, finding engaging and interesting activities to overcome them could be helpful in similar cases in the future. Examples and solutions for the student’s language problems in the different areas are exposed below: Grammar: Virginia struggles with using irregular verbs in the past  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I ´m learning to surf. I buyed a surfboard. I ´m loving it although Im not very good.† â€Å"The teacher who teach me English when I was a child was not  strict† â€Å"I lose the train this morning† (neither the correct word has been chosen in this case â€Å"miss†, however, I only focus on the verb) In order to help Virginia with her problem in this grammar area, I have decided to use the activities of the lesson â€Å"Girls’ night out†; unit 5, pages 56 and 57 of the Elementary student’s book â€Å"New English File†, Oxford University Press. The subject of the lesson revolves around a group of young female journalist for a famous women’s magazine who are asked to go out for the evening with her girlfriends, and then write a report about their experiences. The topic is engaging, as it suits Virginia’s age, gender, interest (tackles some cultural matters of different countries) and is quite close to her cultural background, considering that Spaniards are very sociable and much of their life is lived in the streets. The material exposes the student to the structure through reading, listening and speaking activities. Virginia will have to deduce which are the past tense of a set of irregular verbs from the text in order to do exercise 3A. Grammar (look at the reports again and find the past tense of these irregular verbs), and then listen and practice the pronunciation of the verbs in exercise 3. B (listen and check, practice saying the verbs). She will also have the opportunity to fill in sentences with the correct form of the same irregular verbs in exercise 3C 1 and listen these verbs within a meaningful context in exercises 4 B and C (Listen to Silvia talking about their girls’ night out). In terms of speaking, the student will have to use the simple past of irregular verbs in the exercise 5C (Think about the last time you went out with friends, look at the questions and plan your answers) Virginia will have plenty of opportunities to see and use the target language as in real life communication. 1: This exercise send the student to the explanation on page 130 (5C) and to the exercise on page 131 (5C) Pronunciation Virginia struggles with discriminating the /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/ sounds. : â€Å"I filled in a registration form for a diving school†: /ˈdÉ ªvÉ ªÃ…‹/ â€Å"The school has wifi† /ˈwÉ ª fÉ ª/  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The school has a library†: /ˈlÉ ªbrÉ™ri/ To help her to differentiate the pronunciation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I have chosen the lesson â€Å"Wine, win†, unit 5 of the book â€Å"English Pronunciation in use†, Cambridge University press; pages: 30 and 31. Besides providing explanatory pictures of mouth modulation for a better pronunciation (Section A and B), it offers exercises that focus exclusively on the different pronunciation of minimal pairs, which usually confuse nonnative speakers, as Spanish does not differentiate between long and short vowels. Minimal pairs effectively facilitate pronunciation acquisition. â€Å"When learners compare and contrast discrete sounds in the environment presented in minimal pairs, the importance of these sounds in denoting word meaning is transferred to their mind naturally. Experience shows that ―pronunciation classes†¦ make students more conscious of their own pronunciation and aware of ways in which their pronunciation differs from the model offered† (Rajadurai, 2001: 14) Virginia will have to spot the /aÉ ª/ sound among minimal pairs in exercise A and the /É ª/ sound in exercise B. The student will also have to discriminate and identify the words that have the/aÉ ª/ or the /É ª/ vowel sounds in exercise 11.1. (Make words with these beginnings and endings and write them in the correct part of the table) and in the exercise 11.2 (Read the dialogue. Circle the sound /aÉ ª/ and underline the/É ª/). Despite the fact that this material doesn’t approach pronunciation within a context similar to real life, it offers a lot of practice opportunity, which in my opinion as a nonnative speaker of English is essential for the reason that Spanish phonological system is significantly different from that of English, particularly in the aspects of vowel sounds. Conclusion Virginia’s English lesson at school were focused on talking about the language rather than on talking in the language; as a result, we can deduce that she was not exposed to proper and useful input since these type of classes do not require that teachers be experts or even fluent in the  language. However, her motivation, along with the use of relevant and meaningful materials as the ones presented in this essay can help her to improve her language skills and attain proficiency in English as a result. References Hancock, M (2003) English Pronunciation in Use. Cambridge University Press. Oxenden, C, Latham-Koening, C and Seligson, P. New English File, Elementary Student (2007). Oxford University Press. Scrivener, J (2005) Learning Teaching, A guidebook for English Language Teachers. Second Edition. Macmillan Books for Teachers. Rajadurai, J. (2001). An investigation of the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation to Malaysian TESL students MacMillan Dictionary : http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Networked Medium Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Networked Medium Information Technology Essay Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. Ring topology: In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction. A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network. Star topology: Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a hub that may be a  hub,  switch  or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computers network access and not the entire LAN. b) Advantages and disadvantages of each medium. Network medium is the physical channel that used for transmission in the network. The types of the medium are: Wire Fiber air Wire: UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires.  UTP cable is used in a variety of networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable is covered by an insulating material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other. Fiber: Long distance signal transmission. Large Bandwidth, Light Weight, and Small Diameter Long Lengths Easy Installation and Upgrades Non-Conductivity Security Designed for Future Applications Needs Air: Mobility. Elimination of unsightly cables. c) Recommendation for topology and medium to use: Topology: Figure 1.1 : Star topology We select the star topology for this in-house network. Because the star topology is most popular topology for in-house network (LAN). Also we can be benefit by using the star topology in a LAN. Benefits: Information can be easily shared allowing for quick and informed decisions to be made, saving time and money. A more productive and competitive environment is achieved through greater teamwork within the organization. Network-based communication such as email is considerably cheaper than using the phone or fax and sharing resources such as printers gives more efficient use of equipment at lower costs. Standard versions of procedures and directories can be made accessible to everyone. IT administration can be centralised. Data can be backed-up from a single point on a scheduled basis ensuring consistency. Medium: Figure1.2: WI-FI network We select the WI-FI for this in-house network. Because Mobility. Elimination of unsightly cables. Problem Identification: Task 2 10 Marks Investigate the Internet connection requirements for the Fire Department. a) Describe the Internet services that may be required. b) Explain the connection speeds that are suitable for these requirements. c) Find examples of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that can meet these requirements in your country. d) Make a recommendation to use one ISP based upon the services offered and price charged. Solution of Task 2 a) Hardware and Software Requirements: Computer with either: Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows XP Professional, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, or Windows Server 2003 installed. A CD-ROM drive for the installation compact disc. Adequate disk space for the database, business objects, and Web pages 10 MB free space minimum. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol installed. A network adapter card and local area network connection. An Internet connection and Internet Protocol address from your Internet Service Provider. Network Adapter board. Figure 2.1: Intranet network system b) Connection speeds requirements: 512 for upload is standard connection for sound only, the much required is 138 kbps, means that 512 138 = 374 kbps free for chat or image. Usually, download > upload is possible for internet provider to have busy server and in this situation you will be connected from phone standard line, with smaller speed. So in this system it demands 512 kbps connection speed. c) Examples of Internet Service Providers in our country: Brack net. Zip. Qubee. Grameen phone Internet. Bangla lion. Recommendation to use the ISP : In this system we select Qubee as out ISP because, Qubee has the solution which is fast and reliable. Very much cost effective. More then it is driven by WI-MAX technology.   And obviously it is portable. There package, Monthly Usage Allowance Speed 5GB 10GB Sky 256 Kbps BDT 850 BDT 950 BDT 1,250 512 Kbps BDT 1,250 BDT 1,450 BDT 2,250 1Mbps BDT 2,250 BDT 2,750 BDT 5,250 and Qubee Modem Tk. 3,000 Modem Installation Free  Ã‚   First months fee payable at the time of signup Problem Identification: Task 3 30 Marks Investigate the methods the Fire Department could implement for two-way voice communications. As a minimum include the following information: a) How each method works (frequencies, full/half duplex, etc). b) Details of the legal requirements for operating the system in your country. c) Costs of setting up and operating the system, including licensing costs, equipment costs, etc. d) Limitations of each method. Provide a recommendation for how voice communications should be set up and run including reasons for this recommendation. Solution of Task 3 Method of full/half duplex system: Half-Duplex: A  half-duplex  system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time. Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a walkie-talkie style two-way radio, wherein one must use Over or another previously designated command to indicate the end of transmission, and ensure that only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit on the same frequency. A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one lane road with traffic controllers at each end. Traffic can flow in both directions, but only one direction at a time with this being regulated by the traffic controllers. Full-Duplex: A  full-duplex  system allows communication in both directions, and unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a  full-duplex  system would be a two-lane road with one lane for each direction. Examples:  Telephone,  Mobile Phone, etc. Two way radios can be, for instance, designed as full-duplex systems, which transmit on one frequency and receive on a different frequency. This is also called frequency-division duplex. Frequency-division-duplex systems can be extended to farther distances using pairs of simple repeater stations, owing to the fact that the communications transmitted on any one frequency always travel in the same direction. Full-duplex Ethernet connections work by making simultaneous use of all four physical pairs of twisted cable, where two pairs are used for receiving packets and two pairs are used for sending packets, to a directly connected device. This effectively makes the cable itself a collision-free environment and theoretically doubles the maximum bandwidth that can be supported by the connection. There are several benefits to using full duplex over half duplex. First, time is not wasted since no frames need to be retransmitted as there are no collisions. Secondly, full bandwidth is available in both directions because send and receive functions are separated. Third, stations/node do not have to wait until other operations complete their transmission as there is only one transmitter for each twisted pair. Legal requirements for operating the system in our country: 1.1 As per the national frequency allocation plan 2005 (nfap 2005), spectrum from the ism band in 2.4000-2.4835 ghz and 5.725-5.875 ghz is allocated for wi-fi use. 1.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Access to the spectrum will be on shared basis. There will be no exclusive assignment to any individual or organizations, whether for private, public or commercial use. 1.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any government or private organization/educational institution/corporate body can establish and use wi-fi network on non commercial/non-profit basis. 1.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Household/private users are not required to take any permission from the commission or pay any levy/charge for using wi-fi in the given ism band. 1.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both indoor and outdoor wi-fi is permitted in the given spectrum of ism band. However, the maximum power output for the wi-fi equipment is limited to 1 watt. 1.6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All commercial wi-fi hotspot operators/service providers shall possess an isp or equivalent license (e.g., bwa license). Existing operators having such license from the commission will be eligible to establish wi-fi network for providing last mile solution. 1.7.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operators/service providers will submit a detailed list of wi-fi outdoor hotspots to the commission. There will be levy/charges applicable annually for all hotspots. the levy/charge shall be charged as per the rate list published by the commission. 1.8.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All service providers will obtain permission in the form of no objection certificate (noc) from the commission for importation, deployment, use and providing any service with wi-fi equipment. Guideline for application and application form is available at http://www.btrc.gov.bd. Existing ism band operators who wish to adapt their present wi-fi equipment for the same purpose may also be provided permission from the commission on case by case basis. 1.9.  Ã‚  Ã‚   All vendors in possession of dealer possession and radio communication equipment vendor license issued by the commission are eligible to apply for noc for importation and marketing of wi-fi equipment in Bangladesh. 1.10. The commission reserves the right to cancel the permission if any complication arises anytime. c) Costs of setting up and operating the system, including licensing costs, equipment costs: The cost of operating the system: The cost of operating the system Purpose Cost 01. 1pr cross connect wire wh/red red/white 1m feet 3000/= 02. Programming cable for air-phone 1500/= 03. IP network station port 35000/= 04. Controller card f/60 units non scrolling 25000/= 05. Pc-console-software 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Video monitor 15000/= 08. Human (per/month) 5000/= 12. Total 14,6,500/= Table-3.1The cost of operating the system The cost of equipments: The cost of equipments equipments Price 01. Handset spare part f/ie1gd 1500/= 02. Complete handset f/men-na 3000/= 03. Pc-380 select switch pc f/ap-m 1500/= 04. Ja av modulator 12000/= 05. Color mem vandal set 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Door station adaptor f/ 1 door 5000/= 08. C.o. audible ringer 5000/= 09. Calling switch 5000/= 10. Single line auto phone dialer 5000/= 11. Power adapter 1000/= 12. Total 10,1,000/= Table-3.2 The cost of equipments Limitations of each method: During the time when one wave passes through another we say that the waves  interfere. It is really not correct to say that the waves collide or hit, although this is often how such an interaction is termed. When the  crest  of one wave passes through, or is  super positioned  upon, the  crest  of another wave, we say that the waves  constructively interfere. Constructive interference also occurs when the  trough  of one wave is super positioned upon the  trough  of another wave. During any wave interference the shape of the medium is determined by the sum of the separate amplitudes of each wave. We often say that when waves interfere, amplitudes add. Using the arrow buttons step through the above animation to see how the amplitudes add during constructive interference. Notice that in this animation the crest of the red wave constructively interferes with the crest of the blue wave. Recommendation for voice communications set up: Wireless Fidelity, better known as Wi-Fi, is a term used to describe the underlying technology of wireless local area networks based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 standards. Initially intended to connect mobile computing devices in local area networks, Wi-Fi applications have grown to include various data, voice, and video services such as Internet access and Voice over Internet Protocol. Wi-Fi technology platform is based on single-carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum and multi-carrier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing radio technologies to transmit and receive signals. Wi-Fi is more commonly used in point-to-multipoint environments to allow extended network connectivity of multiple portable devices such as laptops, telephones, or PDAs. Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in point-to-point mode, which enables devices to directly connect and communicate to each other. A region covered by one or more APs is considered a hotspot. Home networks commonly deploy one AP that is typically connected directly to an Internet service provider , whereas larger networks may require at least several APs positioned in strategic locations to provide flexibility of service to a large number of users. Because of range constraints, Wi-Fi networks are used in localized regions. Figure 3.1: Common Wi-Fi Network Wi-Fi can be used in conjunction with other emerging wireless technologies, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Mesh Networking, to extend the coverage area of terrestrial networks and to provide high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services. For example, WiMAX can be used as a backhaul technology to connect multiple Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet. WiMAX describes the technology behind wireless networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. Wi-Fi technology has been highly utilized for many applications such as voice communications, video communications, and various data services. This section describes how Wi-Fi technology supports these applications. The expansion of telecommunications has spawned great need for new technologies to provide sought-after voice communication services. Internet telephony, better known as VoIP, is a technology that allows for transport of voice traffic using an Internet Protocol (IP) network infrastructure. VoIP and Internet telephony have come a long way since their inception, and with the impressive development of Wi-Fi technologies, the popularity of voice communications over wireless will continue to increase. Common VoIP networks consist of the hardware and software enabling the end users to leverage the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls. IEEE 802.11 Voice over Wi-Fi is the wireless version of this technology that is designed to work with wireless devices. VoWi-Fi solutions provide mobile users during critical missions with the ability to roam wirelessly. Typically, a VoWi-Fi user device will connect to an AP to authenticate to a designated VoIP network. Once associated to an AP and authenticated to the appropriate network, a user will have the capability of mobile voice communications across enterprise networks, residential broadband networks, or even public/private hotspots. VoWi-Fi products are becoming more advanced and readily available to support various challenging short- and long-term voice service needs, such as in commercial, healthcare, private, and incident site environments. Given the steadily increasing demand for voice services and mobility, wired and wireless VoIP deployments continue to grow and eventually will become more prevalent than traditional circuit switching voice systems. One advantage VoWi-Fi provides over traditional circuit-based voice communications is an ability to easily accommodate user growth in many different operating environments, through software configuration. Typically, physical attributes of circuit-switched voice systems can limit the flexibility of real-time configuration. Deploying a wireless VoIP system can provide significant savings in cost and deployment time when compared with other wireless voice communication solutions. Problem Identification: Task 4 30 Marks Investigate telephone systems available in your country for single-site organisations like the Fire Department. Pay particular attention to: a) The main equipment that would be installed. b) The features available with each system. c) The cost of equipment and installation. d) The cost of operating the system. e) Provide a recommendation for which system to purchase including reasons for this recommendation. Solution of Task 4 a) The main equipment that would be installed: The following equipments are generally installed through telephone systems: 2.4 GHz digital cordless voice transmission, the latest cordless technology Up to 10 cordless handsets can share a single base station Up to 20 voice mailboxes on a single system Speech recognition enables you to control your system with your voice Text to speech synthesis technology enables your system to read your e-mail to you over the phone Smart call forwarding; have your calls forwarded to you when youre on the road Connects to your Windows computer to give you advanced unified messaging and computer telephony features b) Features available with each system: The following features are available with the installed telephone systems: Call Transfer Direct Inward Dialing and Direct Outward Dialing Hunting Line Restriction Station Line Identification Station-to-Station Dialing Centrex with Voice Mail Automatic Callback Call Forwarding-Busy Line Call Forwarding-Dont Answer Call Screen Call Trace Call Waiting-Incoming Directed Call Pickup Direct Inward Dial to Direct Outward Dial Transfer Call Transfer: Transfers calls, even cellular calls, to another line either inside or outside your Centrex system. Direct Inward Dialing and Direct Outward Dialing: Allows you to route calls directly or through an attendant. Hunting: Automatically sends an incoming call from a busy line to the next designated line. Line Restriction: Limits phone access on selected lines so that only authorized numbers or regions can be called. Station Line Identification: Provides a detailed record of calls made by each Centrex station including start time, duration, and toll call numbers. Automatic Callback: Allows a station user to be called when a previously busy station becomes idle. Call Forwarding-Busy Line: Automatically reroutes calls to a designated station or your voice mail if your line is busy. Call Forwarding-Dont Answer: Automatically reroute calls to another phone if you havent responded within a preset number of rings. Call Screen: Manages interruptions by having annoying or harassing calls diverted this feature allows up to ten customer-designated numbers to be routed directly to a prerecorded announcement. Call Trace: Allows you to alert the authorities with useful information when harassing or threatening calls are made to your business. Call Waiting-Incoming: Lets you take a second call if you are already on the line. Directed Call Pickup: Lets you answer a fellow employees line (within the call pickup group) without moving from your desk. Direct Inward Dial to Direct Outward Dial Transfer: Allows you to transfer an incoming direct dialed call to another location, either within the Centrex system or to an outside company, residence, car phone, etc.- instead of having the caller hang up and dial the new number. c) The cost of equipment and installation: Figure 4.1 The cost of equipments equipments Price 01. Handset spare part f/ie1gd 1500/= 02. Complete handset f/men-na 3000/= 03. Pc-380 select switch pc f/ap-m 1500/= 04. Ja av modulator 12000/= 05. Color mem vandal set 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Door station adaptor f/ 1 door 5000/= 08. C.o. audible ringer 5000/= 09. Calling switch 5000/= 10. Single line auto phone dialer 5000/= 11. Power adapter 1000/= 12. Total 101000/= Table-4.1 the cost of equipments d) The cost of operating the system: The cost of operating the system Purpose Cost 01. 1pr cross connect wire wh/red red/white 1m feet 3000/= 02. Programming cable for air-phone 1500/= 03. IP network station port 35000/= 04. Controller card f/60 units non scrolling 25000/= 05. Pc-console-software 50000/= 06. Access control keypad f/jb-dv 12000/= 07. Video monitor 15000/= 08. Human (per/month) 5000/= 12. Total 146500/= Table-4.2The cost of operating the system Problem Identification: Task 5 10 Marks The Fire Department needs to remain operational in the event of a serious incident such as a major terrorist attack or war. Explain the measures you would put in place that would allow the Fire Department to operate in the event of Newtown having no electrical power and fixed telephone lines being broken. Solution of Task 5 Disaster recovery plans are complex, and can ultimately take two years or more to complete. While this can be taken in one way as from a disaster recovery consultant, it also comes from experience. To make a plan for the fire department network to deal with major disasters and also to deal with the short term failure of the system fallowing topics are included 1. Reason for Planning protect human life; recover critical operations; protect competitive position; preserve customer confidence and good will; and protect against litigation. 2. Recognition initial reaction procedures to a disaster report; notification procedures for police, fire, medical; and notification procedures for management. 3. Reaction mobilizing the EMT (executive management team); filing of initial damage assessment reports to the EMT; assisting EMT in preparation of statements; and opening a critical events log for audit purposes. 4. Recovery modified signing authority for equipment purchases; procedures for getting cash; procedures for maintaining physical security; procedures for arranging security at the damaged site; procedures for finding and getting to the recovery center (maps!); and procedures for arranging security at the recovery center. 5. Restoration coordination of restoration of the original site; restoration of electronic equipment; reloading of software; restoration of power, UPS, common building systems; replacement of fire suppression systems; rewiring of the building; restoring the LAN; and restoring the WAN connections. 6. Return to Normal testing procedures for new hardware and software; what constitutes a successful test (before recommitting production); training operations personnel; training employees; scheduling migration back to original site; and coordinating return to original site. 7. Rest and Relax schedule compensatory time off; and make visits to employees in rehab from stress. 8. Re-evaluate and Re-Document review your critical events log; evaluate vendor performance; recognize extraordinary achievements; preparing final review and activity report; and Aid in liability assessments. Problem Identification: Task 6 10 Marks Create a comprehensive, professional report describing your network recommendations. This should include the details of Tasks 1 5, have estimates of cost throughout and have an executive summary at the start giving the key points. Solution of Task 6 In this task I have Investigate the company telephone system requires a central switchboard for the whole building plus direct dialing into each individual member of the company. Typical modern telephone functions such as call waiting, conference calls, etc will be required. Investigate the in-house network (LAN) topology .In this network system we must select a topology and a medium thus we connect our network stations. Also we must provide a recommendation about the topology and media. Possible network topologies for each branch are: BUS RING STAR To setup a company intranet we need to consider the requirements for the media and connector in each implementation. This topic outlines the cable and connector specifications used to support network implementations. Network Media: A star may be wired with twisted-pair ,coax or WI-FI. Recommended: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Type: Category 5 commonly know as CAT-5 A plan for Advertising Agency network to deal with major disasters and also to deal with the short term failure of the system. It is important that the system can be updated after temporary failure and that data is accessible in the event of a major disaster. Problems are going to occur. Hardware is going to fail. Networks are going to crash. The best thing Advertising Agency can do is plan for the inevitable, implement as many disasters avoidance mechanisms possible and be ready to react quickly when necessary. Some key points include: Implementation physical data security Protect critical systems Conclusion: Completing this work I have a good idea and experience about researching, creating reports, solving problems, on setup Local Area Network that I was required to complete for my assignment. During the completion of the work, I have to face many problems and I learn how to overcome these problems. I hope in future this assignment will help anyone to improve their study on LAN and to apply it on real life. Bibliography